Food availability and foraging near human developments by black bears
Top Cited Papers
Open Access
- 16 April 2013
- journal article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Jama-Journal Of The American Medical Association
- Vol. 94 (2), 378-385
- https://doi.org/10.1644/12-mamm-a-002.1
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between foraging ecology and the presence of human-dominated landscapes is important, particularly for American black bears (Ursus americanus), which sometimes move between wildlands and urban areas to forage. The food-related factors influencing this movement have not been explored, but can be important for understanding the benefits and costs to black bear foraging behavior and the fundamental origins of bear conflicts. We tested whether the scarcity of wildland foods or the availability of urban foods can explain when black bears forage near houses, examined the extent to which male bears use urban areas in comparison to females, and identified the most important food items influencing bear movement into urban areas. We monitored 16 collared black bears in and around Missoula, Montana, during 2009 and 2010, while quantifying the rate of change in green vegetation and the availability of 5 native berry-producing species outside the urban area, the rate of change in green vegetation, and the availability of apples and garbage inside the urban area. We used parametric time-to-event models in which an event was a bear location collected within 100 m of a house. We also visited feeding sites located near houses and quantified food items bears had eaten. The probability of a bear being located near a house was 1.6 times higher for males, and increased during apple season and the urban green-up. Fruit trees accounted for most of the forage items at urban feeding sites (49%), whereas wildland foods composed <10%. Black bears foraged on human foods near houses even when wildland foods were available, suggesting that the absence of wildland foods may not influence the probability of bears foraging near houses. Additionally, other attractants, in this case fruit trees, appear to be more important than the availability of garbage in influencing when bears forage near houses.Keywords
This publication has 43 references indexed in Scilit:
- Behavioral and attitudinal change of residents exposed to human–bear interactionsUrsus, 2011
- Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in researchJama-Journal Of The American Medical Association, 2011
- Spatiotemporal Distribution of Black Bear‐Human Conflicts in Colorado, USAThe Journal of Wildlife Management, 2008
- An effective and efficient approach for manually improving geocoded dataInternational Journal of Health Geographics, 2008
- How Agencies Respond to Human–black Bear Conflicts: A Survey of Wildlife Agencies in North AmericaUrsus, 2007
- Consumption of salmon by Alaskan brown bears: a trade-off between nutritional requirements and the risk of infanticide?Oecologia, 2004
- Landscape Evaluation of Grizzly Bear Habitat in Western MontanaConservation Biology, 1999
- Tests of Hypotheses for Sexual Segregation in Grizzly BearsThe Journal of Wildlife Management, 1995
- Yellowstone Grizzly Bear Mortality, Human Habituation, and Whitebark Pine Seed CropsThe Journal of Wildlife Management, 1992
- Foods and Habitat of Black Bears in Southeastern North CarolinaThe Journal of Wildlife Management, 1979