Mechanisms of Disease: Toll-like receptors in cardiovascular disease
- 1 August 2007
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine
- Vol. 4 (8), 444-454
- https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpcardio0938
Abstract
The innate immune system detects highly conserved, relatively invariant structural motifs of pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as the primary innate immune receptors. TLRs distinguish between different patterns of pathogens and activate a rapid innate immune response; however, TLRs can also be activated by host-derived molecules. In addition to being expressed in immune cells, TLRs are expressed in other tissues, such as those of the cardiovascular system. TLRs could, therefore, be a key link between cardiovascular disease development and the immune system. Indeed, evidence that TLR activation contributes to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, cardiac dysfunction in sepsis, and congestive heart failure, is convincing. Although much has been learned about TLR activation in cellular components of the cardiovascular system, the role individual TLR family members have in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and hence in clinical practice remains to be defined. Here we review the rapid progress that has been made in this field, which has improved our understanding of vascular as well as myocardial TLR function in basic and clinical science.Keywords
This publication has 77 references indexed in Scilit:
- Pathogen Recognition and Innate ImmunityCell, 2006
- Innate Immunity and the HeartCurrent Pharmaceutical Design, 2005
- Adenosine A2A Receptor Activation Promotes Wound Neovascularization by Stimulating Angiogenesis and VasculogenesisThe American Journal of Pathology, 2004
- IRAK1 deletion disrupts cardiac Toll/IL-1 signaling and protects against contractile dysfunctionAmerican Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2003
- An Angiogenic Switch in Macrophages Involving Synergy between Toll-Like Receptors 2, 4, 7, and 9 and Adenosine A2A ReceptorsThe American Journal of Pathology, 2003
- Escherichia coliLPS-induced LV dysfunction: role of toll-like receptor-4 in the adult heartAmerican Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2002
- Adenosine Promotes Wound Healing and Mediates Angiogenesis in Response to Tissue Injury Via Occupancy of A2A ReceptorsThe American Journal of Pathology, 2002
- The Danger Model: A Renewed Sense of SelfScience, 2002
- A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunityNature, 1997
- Approaching the Asymptote? Evolution and Revolution in ImmunologyPublished by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory ,1989