This chapter considers the evolution of income inequality and poverty in 30 countries between 1980 and 2010 on the country chapters in this book. It offers new insights into the development of inequalities for a large set of OECD and European Union countries. Inequalities are found to increase, on average and in general, but there is significant heterogeneity across countries and country groupings. The findings challenge the view that changes at country level over time do not disturb long-standing country rankings. The previously homogeneous group of Central and Eastern European countries ends up spread over the full spectrum of inequalities in Europe, while the low-inequality Nordic countries experience very substantial increases in inequality. The chapter concludes that while structural constraints and dependency on historic trends condition inequality developments, one also has to look at institutional and policy differences in seeking to explain diverging paths of inequality.