Summary. A non-invasive study of urinary hormones in 6 captive female Goeldi's monkeys provided accurate information on reproductive function. Conjugated oestrone accounted for 80–85% of the urinary oestrone and oestradiol measured. Radioimmunoassay measurements of conjugated oestrone provided a reliable indicator of cyclic ovarian function (mean cycle length: 24·1 ± 0·9 days; n = 9) and pregnancy (gestation: 145, 155 days; n = 2). Measurements of urinary progesterone and pregnanediol glucuronide were only reliable as indicators of ovarian cyclicity. Elevations in urinary conjugated oestrone coincided with luteal-phase elevations of urinary progesterone and pregnanediol glucuronide. Urinary LH concentrations provided no indication of pituitary activity. However, the frequencies of female sexual solicitations of males were maximal when oestrone conjugate concentrations rose, suggesting a peri-ovulatory period. Ovulation was suppressed in 1 of 3 subordinate females housed in male–female–female trios. Keywords: monkey; oestrogen; progesterone; pregnanediol glucuronide, LH; ovarian cycle; pregnancy; urinary hormones