Characterization and correction of cardiovascular motion artifacts in diffusion‐weighted imaging of the pancreas

Abstract

Purpose To assess the effects of cardiovascular-induced motion on conventional DWI of the pancreas and to evaluate motion-robust DWI methods in a motion phantom and healthy volunteers. Methods 3T DWI was acquired using standard monopolar and motion-compensated gradient waveforms, including in an anatomically accurate pancreas phantom with controllable compressive motion and healthy volunteers (n = 8, 10). In volunteers, highly controlled single-slice DWI using breath-holding and cardiac gating and whole-pancreas respiratory-triggered DWI were acquired. For each acquisition, the ADC variability across volunteers, as well as ADC differences across parts of the pancreas were evaluated. Results In motion phantom scans, conventional DWI led to biased ADC, whereas motion-compensated waveforms produced consistent ADC. In the breath-held, cardiac-triggered study, conventional DWI led to heterogeneous DW signals and highly variable ADC across the pancreas, whereas motion-compensated DWI avoided these artifacts. In the respiratory-triggered study, conventional DWI produced heterogeneous ADC across the pancreas (head: 1756 ± 173 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s; body: 1530 ± 338 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s; tail: 1388 ± 267 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s), with ADCs in the head significantly higher than in the tail (P < .05). Motion-compensated ADC had lower variability across volunteers (head: 1277 ± 102 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s; body: 1204 ± 169 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s; tail: 1235 ± 178 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s), with no significant difference (P ≥ .19) across the pancreas. Conclusion Cardiovascular motion introduces artifacts and ADC bias in pancreas DWI, which are addressed by motion-robust DWI.