Bolometric Double Beta Decay Experiments: Review and Prospects

Abstract

This review aims to cover the history and recent developments on cryogenic bolometers for neutrinoless double beta decay (0$\nu$2$\beta$) searches. A 0$\nu$2$\beta$ decay observation would confirm the total lepton charge non-conservation, which is related to a global U(1)${}_{LC}$ symmetry. This discovery would also provide essential information on neutrino masses and nature, opening the door to new physics beyond the Standard Model. The bolometric technology shows good prospects for future ton-scale experiments that aim to fully investigate the inverted ordering region of neutrino masses. The big advantage of bolometers is the high energy resolution and the possibility of particle identification, as well as various methods of additional background rejection. The CUORE experiment has proved the feasibility of ton-scale cryogenic experiments, setting the most stringent limit on ${}^{130}$Te 0$\nu$2$\beta$ decay. Two CUPID demonstrators (CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo) have set the most stringent limits on ${}^{82}$Se and ${}^{100}$Mo isotopes, respectively, with compatibly low exposures. Several experiments are developing new methods to improve the background in the region of interest with bolometric detectors. CUPID and AMoRE experiments aim to cover the inverted hierarchy region, using scintillating bolometers with hundreds of kg of ${}^{100}$Mo. We review all of these efforts here, with a focus on the different types of radioactive background and the measures put in place to mitigate them.