On the limitations of echo planar 4D flow MRI
- 25 March 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wiley in Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
- Vol. 84 (4), 1806-1816
- https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.28236
Abstract
Purpose To compare EPI and GRE readout in high‐flow velocity regimes and evaluate their impact on measurement accuracy in silico and in vitro. Theory and Methods Phase‐contrast sequences for EPI and GRE were simulated using CFD velocity data to assess displacement artifacts as well as effective spatial resolution. In silico findings were validated experimentally using a steady flow phantom. Results For EPI factor 5 and simulated stenotic flow with peak velocity of 2.2 m, displacement artifacts resulted in misregistration of 7.3 mm at echo time and the effective resolution was locally reduced by factors 5 and 8 compared to GRE for flow along phase and frequency encoding directions, respectively. In vitro, a maximum velocity difference between EPI factor 5 and GRE of 0.97 m was found. Conclusions Four‐dimensional flow MRI using EPI readout results not only in considerable velocity misregistration but also in spatially varying degradation of resolution. The proposed work indicates that EPI is inferior to standard GRE for 4D flow MRI.Funding Information
- Council of Federal Institutes of Technology
This publication has 43 references indexed in Scilit:
- Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for the Preoperative Assessment of Patients With Left Ventricular AneurysmThe Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 2011
- Left ventricular diastolic function assessment from three‐dimensional three‐directional velocity‐encoded MRI with retrospective valve trackingJournal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2011
- Simulation of phase contrast MRI of turbulent flowMagnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2010
- Aortic valve stenotic area calculation from phase contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance: the importance of short echo timeJournal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 2009
- Quantification of intravoxel velocity standard deviation and turbulence intensity by generalizing phase‐contrast MRIMagnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2006
- Combined analysis of spatial and velocity displacement artifacts in phase contrast measurements of complex flowsJournal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 1997
- Analysis of flow effects in echo‐planar imagingJournal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 1992
- On the nature and reduction of the displacement artifact in flow imagesMagnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1991
- Theoretical aspects of motion sensitivity and compensation in echo‐planar imagingJournal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 1991
- Motional phase artifacts in fourier transform MRIMagnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1989