Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production
Open Access
- 5 February 2021
- Vol. 9 (2), 299
- https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020299
Abstract
Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ- rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.Funding Information
- Yayasan UTP (015LC0-126)
- Universitas Islam Riau (UIR) International Grant (015ME0-164, 015MA0-110)
This publication has 35 references indexed in Scilit:
- Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil using Activated Cement Clinker as CatalystProcedia Engineering, 2013
- Biodiesel production from rice straw and restaurant waste employing black soldier fly assisted by microbesEnergy, 2012
- Double the biodiesel yield: Rearing black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens, on solid residual fraction of restaurant waste after grease extraction for biodiesel productionRenewable Energy, 2012
- Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil Using A Limestone Based CatalystAdvances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 2012
- Bioconversion of dairy manure by black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) for biodiesel and sugar productionWaste Management, 2011
- From organic waste to biodiesel: Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, makes it feasibleFuel, 2011
- Improving the lipid accumulation properties of the yeast cells for biodiesel production using molassesBioresource Technology, 2010
- Production of volatile compounds by Rhizopus oligosporus during soybean and barley tempeh fermentationInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 2007
- Structural and Functional Properties of Fermented Soybean (Tempeh) by UsingRhizopus oligosporusInternational Journal of Food Properties, 2006
- Growth of lactic acid bacteria and Rhizopus oligosporus during barley tempeh fermentationInternational Journal of Food Microbiology, 2005