Heat exchangers and other heat transfer devices/systems play vital roles of heat transfer in thermal fluid flow systems for industrial application. Sodium cooled fast reactors are normally designed to have two loops of sodium coolants and one loop of water coolant which generates steam for power production. The two loops of sodium coolants consist of primary cooling system of sodium which cools the fuel rods of the reactor core and secondary cooling system of sodium transferring heat from the sodium primary cooling system. The water-cooling system transfers heat from the secondary cooling system of sodium for steam generation. Lead cooled fast reactors on the other hand are designed to have primary cooling system of lead cooling the fuel rods in the reactor core and secondary cooling system of water transferring heat from the lead cooling primary system for steam generation. Water cooled Nuclear Power Plants used water to cool the reactor core in the primary system and the heat removed from the core is used for steam generation directly as in BWRs and SCWRs or in the secondary system of heat exchanger as in PWRs. Other reactor systems such as Gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR), Molten-salt reactor (MSR), High-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) also have various types of heat exchangers in their designs to support power/electricity generation. Appropriate heat exchangers are therefore needed for various stages of heat transfer in power generation systems. Thus, Heat exchangers and other heat transfer devices/systems play vital roles of heat transfer in thermal fluid flow systems for industrial applications. This study presents brief review of PCHEs which have comparable advantages over other types of heat exchangers. Recent studies on PCHEs and other heat exchanger types have been reviewed. Design and optimization of PCHEs, optimization of Brayton and Rankine circles, and fluid flow and heat transfer devices/systems have been discussed briefly. The review findings show that the design and optimization of PCHEs depends on the intended industrial application of the heat exchanger. The various channel types and channel cross-section types available for design and optimisation as well as the design and optimised system being able to withstand high pressure and temperature conditions in addition to its compact size for the intended industrial application make PCHEs unique among other types of heat exchangers.

The purpose of this paper is to develop AA5052 aluminum alloy solid disc from machining wastes via friction stir consolidation (FSC) process & optimize its parameters: die rotational speed, pre-compact aspect ratio and processing time. At first, the required dedicated tooling is designed and built. Then, solid discs are fabricated from AA5052 aluminum alloy chips using FSC process. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used to analyze and optimize the process. Experimental parameters and their levels considered are rotational speed (315, 400 and 500 rpm), pre-compact aspect ratio (25.4/7, 25.4/5 and 25.4/3) and processing time (30, 45 and 60 sec). Using standard tests, compressive strength, hardness and microstructure of the consolidated solid disc are evaluated. The results reveal that solid discs are successfully fabricated using FSC using dedicated tooling, and rotational speed (500 rpm), pre-compact aspect ratio (25.4/3) and processing time (60 sec) are optimal processing conditions. Microstructure examination of the solid disc shows finer and fully recrystallized grains in axial cross section orientation. Moreover, the results show compressive strength and hardness of the solid disc are comparable to that of forged or cast disc and suitable for most engineering structural applications.

The development of the geometrical structure and vibrational wave numbers of Methyl 2-Naphthyl Ether molecule (M2NE) are done with the help of ab initio HF- and Density functional method (DFT/B3LYP) of 6-31G(d, p) basis set. HF and DFT calculations optimize the geometric structure of the selected molecule. The B3LYP density functional method, with a base of 6-31G (d, p), is the best level of theory to repeat the expected wave numbers. Density functional theory was used to calculate the first hyperpolarization (β), electrical dipole moment (μ) of the examined molecule. The results of the calculations also show that a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of the M2NE could be performed. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectrum were theoretically constructed for the title compound. There was a detailed understanding of FTIR and FT-Raman spectrum from experimental analysis. The considered HOMO and LUMO energies demonstrate that charge transfer takes place inside the molecule.

Worldwide, information is needed about the social landscape management as there is no known studies that have documented how climate-smart landscape approaches improve soil and water status. In Sub-Saharan Africa, effective social landscape governance necessitates a certain amount of social capital, including trust and agreed-upon standards. Climate-smart landscapes are key to successful soil and water management but little effort have been made to critically improve effective soil and water resources. The study was guided by the specific objectives, which include examining equitable climate-smart landscapes and finding out the major challenges facing the implementation of climate-smart landscapes. Using "landscape governance" AND "climate smart landscape," 31 papers (31) were obtained from the Web of Science (WOS) and twenty-nine (27) from the Scopus databases using search engines from (1992-2022). On equitable climate-smart landscapes, it was found that multi-stakeholder participation in landscape management is an iterative and changing process that can assist in addressing and resolving disputes as well as facilitating fair negotiation procedures for underrepresented and minority groups. Proper planning and the implementation of a comprehensive planning framework that links various planning activities and decision-making processes are required for landscape approaches to be successful. The major challenges included policies and institutions, financial difficulties in the conservation of natural resources, and socio-economic issues. The novelty from this study is to inform policy makers on climate-smart landscape approaches to ease soil and water management.

Land leveling or land grading of surface irrigated fields improve irrigation water distribution and application efficiencies, conserve water and increases crop productivity. Land formation for irrigation face many constraints (ensuring proper slopes, prevention of flood, ensuring canal water command over the field, optimizing earthwork, minimizing truck travel distances, proper equipment utilization). Design engineers traditionally, perform site formation design manually by plane shape, least squire or linear programming methods. Such methods are with different characteristics. The main objective this study is to select and compare performance of these three design methods for proper land leveling design. Consequently, the basic theory of these alternative design methods are reviewed and their performance using data surveyed from five fields in Khartoum North-Sudan, each with different soil surface topographic configurations, is analyzed. The statistical analysis revealed that the linear programming method is the most appropriate design method. Employing the linear programming design method revealed that design slopes in row and cross row directions are within the acceptable range (0.1 to 0.5, the ratio of Cut/fill volumes is within the recommended range (1.1 to 1.3), uniformity of distribution of design elevations of grid points are acceptable and within the target limits (80%), while their deviation is at 80% of grid points around the mean before leveling.

In this study, the concentrations (mg / L) of trace metal elements (TME) in an effluent from an industrial soap and cosmetic unit (SCI11) were evaluated. Four (4) composite samples and a witness sample (1) were collected. Nine (9) physicochemical parameters (T, pH, EH, SS, Al, Cr, Fe, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed according to AFNOR standards.The results showed that these effluents are characterized by high mean concentrations of suspended solids (266.75 ± 147.20 mg / L and Cr (0.678 ± 0.068 mg / L) which are far beyond the reference values of the Service Inspection of Classified Installations (SIIC). On the other hand, the mean concentrations of TME Fe, Al, Zn, respectively at 0.585 ± 0.03 mg / L, 0.618 ± 0.030 mg / L, and 0.244 ± 0.015 mg / L are in agreement with the SIIC reference values. The study also found that the effluent is behaving like a reducer with a mean EH redox potential of (-13 ± 1.87 mV). Mean values of pH (6.67 ± 0.60) and temperature T (29.58 ± 0.82 ° C) are in the order of the values recommended by the SIIC. Overall, the PCA analysis has shown that this effluent is a source of TME pollution and physical SS pollution.

This study has considered six steel scrap recycling plants, tagged A, B, C, D, E, F. The production process for each of the plants considered was separately observed and recorded. The investigation report revealed that none of the plant was following the due process involved in modern steel scrap recycling. Hence, a sustainable production flow system, deemed to be effective is proposed in this paper. The production data of each section was collected alongside the manpower and pollution control data. The data were analyzed mathematically using the models developed in this study. From the results obtained, pollution control was least in melting section with pollution control index of 33.8%, and highest in heat treatment with index of 51.9%. Comparatively, pollution control was least (37%) in plant A and highest (50.6%) in plant F. Also, manpower was least (32.4%) in plant A and highest (44.6%) in plant E. Mechanization was least (55.4%) in plant E and highest (73.2%) in plant B. Findings further indicated that melting section was running almost full capacity in Plant E (348 against 350 tons per day) and Heat treatment section was also running almost full capacity (342 against 350 tons per day in Plant C). The rest were running much below their design capacities.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of an adjustable vacuum distribution device on seed pick-up similarity of a multiple-rows pneumatic plate metering device due to unequal rows performance. A completely vacuum opened angle of the device (30°), Six vacuum opening angles (5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°) and different angles set up on rows (4°, 7°, 10° and 30° through row 1,2,3, and 4, respectively) were separately examined at six rotating speeds. Results revealed that under same speed and same vacuum opening angle, an increase in vacuum provided more consistent rows pick-up, while increase in angle increased rows pick-up coupled with the increase in their variation. Row1 and row4 generally tend to have the highest and lowest seed pick-up, respectively, under most of investigated angles and speeds. Rows consistency CV declined under the increase of both opening angle and velocity. Results of different rows angles set up were found to be better than those of the same angle. Different rows angles resulted in better rows CV value of 2.01%, 1.78%, 1.89%, 1.34%, 1.77% and 2.45% at speed of 5, 10,15,20,25 and 30 r.min-1, respectively. Results concluded that vacuum distribution device could be acceptably used for improving rows performance, but further studies are necessary to develop an outside-control method for easy application.

Weight estimation of materials from their characteristic density has a great advantage on analyzing the basic weight parameter put at initial stage of the project. During the detail design stage, each component is designed with basic dimensions and material selection. The selected weight will be verified with other materials such as steel, aluminum and composites. The total weight of the Quadcopter when made of steel, aluminum and composites are compared with the reference value of parameter, total component weight and then the bets material will be recommended for the Quadcopter airframe. The composite materials are found to be light and strong when compared to steel and aluminum frames. If we use this material the Quadcopter will have more flight time for spraying.

In practice, the slab foundation is used widely in civil engineering. Besides the concrete material, fiber concrete is applied more popular in the slab foundations. Determining the ultimate load of the slab foundations is a complex problem due to the relation of the soil-structure interaction (SSI) problem, which depends on both the structures and the subsoil characteristics. ANSYS is a finite element software which is a reliable and effective technique to simulate the structure model. This paper aims to determine the ultimate load of the fiber-reinforced concrete slab on the ground subjected to the concentrated load by ANSYS software. The nonlinear material of the structure and the subsoil will be considered in this work. The validation test of the numerical model will be through the experiment data. This study has shown that the numerical model is reliable for the structure design.