Due to high demand of antibiotics for treatment of increasing bacterial infections there is an urgent need of engineering bacterial strains to get high concentration and meet industrial demands. Different techniques are being used for this purpose: which include over-expression of a gene in its host strain, engineering of different activators and regulators of antibiotic synthesizing gene cluster and expression of antibiotic gene cluster in heterologous host. The emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens was a huge problem for existing medications and it urges a need or the development of novel antibiotics with high specificity. These can be produced by combinatorial biosynthesis or awakening of silent genes already present in bacteria. These advancements present a bright future of antibiotic production at industrial level.

Cabbage is (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) a popular leafy vegetable in Nepal, but depleted soil fertility and inefficient production techniques can limit productivity. To address this, we conducted a study in the Jumla district of Karnali Province, Nepal during the 2022 main cropping season. We evaluated the impact of different organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of cabbage using a Randomized Complete Block Design with seven treatments and three replications with the hybrid cultivar 'Green Coronet'. The treatments included Farm Yard Manure, Poultry Manure, FYM + Vermicompost, Vermicompost, Black Wonder, FYM + Poultry Manure, and Sheep Manure. The parameters, including plant height, stem diameter, leaf length and width, head weight, polar and equatorial diameter, head circumference, root and shoot weight, and weight of the head (g) of cabbage were taken for measurement. Our findings showed that organic fertilizers significantly influenced the growth and yield of cabbage, with Vermicompost showing the most potential as a nutrient source for achieving higher growth and yield. The Vermicompost treatment resulted in the largest size of cabbage head (1026 g), while the Farm Yard Manure and Poultry Manure treatments had limited impact. Our results suggest that the use of organic fertilizers such as Vermicompost can lead to higher cabbage production, improved soil fertility, and reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This has significant implications for promoting sustainable agriculture practices, improving food security, and providing economic benefits for farmers and communities in Nepal and beyond.

The aim of the present study was to select the best sowing time for two quinoa genotypes (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) grown in Ouargla, located in the Saharan region of Algeria. The adopted experimental device is of the random block type, comparing the effect of three sowing dates in 2018: October 16^th, October 31^st, and November 15^th, on some vegetative growth parameters (number of seedlings raised, total number of plants, total fresh weight of plants, height of plants at panicle stage, number of branches per plant, average weight per plant), and yield parameters (number of panicles per plant, weight of the main panicle, weight of 1000 grains, and total weight of grains per square meter) of two quinoa genotypes: "Q102" Amarilla saccaca and "Giza". The obtained results show that the best sowing date for the "Q102" genotype is the first date (October 16^th), which ranked first for most of the parameters studied. On the other hand, the best grain yield was observed by the second sowing date (October 31^st). As for the "Giza1" genotype, no yield was observed for the first and second sowing dates, while a very low grain yield was observed only by the third sowing date. The results obtained make it possible to conclude the strong capacity of adaptation of genotype "Q102" to the edapho-climatic conditions of the south of Algeria compared to genotype "Giza1". In fact, this study shows that the production potential of quinoa in the Saharan regions is linked to both the genotype and the sowing date.

The present investigation aimed to assess endophytic bacteria's capacity to stimulate plant development. Eight endophytic bacterial strains were isolated from the root of Launaea arborescens (Batt.), native medicinal plant growing spontaneously in the region of Bechar (south-west Algeria). The eight strains were tested for their effects on seed germination and plant growth of Triticum aestivum L. The results showed that all strains had positive effects on wheat seeds germination. The seeds inoculation of wheat by endophytic bacteria improves morphological parameters of the seedling (fresh and dry weight of plant, root and stem elongation). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify the powerful strain, it was found as Brevibacillus brevis. This one was found positive for many of the plant growth promoting attributes like ammonia production and azote fixing. In addition, it was identified as resistant to azithromycine during antibiotic sensitivity test and It could tolerate up to 0.9 M of NaCl. Additionally, Brevibacillus brevis was identified as resistant in the herbicide and the insecticide susceptibility test. Results suggest that this endophyte is a strong candidate for use as plant growth-promoting inoculants, to assist in lowering the amount of chemicals used in agricultural practices and enhance nutrient absorption and stress resistance in plant species.

This study was conducted to investigate the genotype by environment (G×E) interaction of 20 rice hybrids tested in eight environments which include four locations and two different cropping seasons in Malaysia. The parameter was observed on yield per ha, number of panicles per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, and thousand-grain weight. Data analysis was used by ANOVA and stability measurement according to AMMI and GGE biplot graph. The ANOVA indicated that all studied phenotypic showed significantly different in variance genotypes, season, location, location × season, genotype × season, genotype × location × season. The most promising hybrids were G19, G3, G18, G13, G8, G7, and G14, resulting in a higher mean yield per ha. The multivariate stability analysis defined those hybrids divided into three categories. The first category is hybrids with high mean yield and wide adaptability (G19, G18, G3 and G4), the second category is the hybrid exhibiting high mean yield and is suitable for a specific environment (G12) and lastly, a hybrid with low yield and high stability (G9, G11 and G1). Hybrids with high yield and stable performance could be further evaluated in large-scale planting for prior release for commercial.

Yield analysis is necessary to test the overall performance of different okra varieties. For this, field experiments were performed during the summer season to assess the yield or production of different okra varieties under open field conditions. The experiment comprised four treatments with seven replicas in an RCBD. The treatments included four different varieties of okra: Arka Anamika, Chiranjeevi F1, Gunjan, and JK 1666. The experimental results showed that the average mean yield of four okra varieties was 98.30 gm per plant. Overall, it was further revealed that Arka Anamika gave the highest yield (101.01gm), followed by Gunjan (98.89gm), Chiranjeevi F1 (96.95gm), and JK1666 (96.37gm). Similarly, other parameters were also analyzed simultaneously to check yield attributing factors which unveiled that plant height was maximum (162.55 cm) in Chiranjeevi F1, followed by Gunjan, JK 1666, and Arka Anamika. Moreover, the number of primary branches was highest for Chiranjeevi F1 (4.47). Contrary to this, the number of pods per plant was also the most significant (3.80) in Arka Anamika. Further, Gunjan topped all the other three varieties in terms of pod diameter (5.53 cm) and weight of pod (25.12 gm). The pod length was highest in JK 1666 (14.83 cm). The data from the experiment also demonstrated that Arka Anamika matured faster (50 DAS) than the other three varieties, which showed Arka Anamika to be more economical for farmers; hence, from our field research, it can be inferred that Arka Anamika is a good variety for farmers growing okra in the Morang area.

Field research was conducted in PMAMP, (PIU) Jhapa, Nepal, Rice Zone against Yellow Stem Borer by using different chemical insecticides commercially available in Nepal to test their efficacy. The research was done in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replication, and seven treatment i.e., 6 chemical treatment namely Cartap hydrochloride 75SC, Thiamethoxan 25WB, Acetamiprid 20 SP, Chlorpyriphos 20 EC, Quinalphas 25 EC and Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 EC and one control for five months. It is concluded that Chlorpyriphos 20 EC is most effective in reducing the infestation rate of dead heart and white head. Similarly, the highest yield was observed in Chlorpyriphos 20 EC with 5.563 ton ha^-1.

The rise in Earth’s temperature is one of the most alarming climatic issues in the field of agriculture and food production, in the present context. The increase in temperature leads to heat stress, major abiotic stress responsible for a huge decline in the production of crops. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), among many crops, also experiences a significant decline in yield and overall productivity due to extreme heat stress. But Wheat has also developed natural tolerance mechanisms to defend itself from heat damage. The selection of cultivars with a higher degree of tolerance mechanism protects against thermal stress, which minimizes the risk of poor productivity to a greater extent. In this review, we discuss the current works of literature concerning the heat stress tolerance mechanism in wheat plants and also highlight the strategic approaches that improve their heat stress tolerance at the molecular level. The success of these approaches depends on a better understanding of heat tolerance traits, their genomic composition, and molecular responses.

Bitterleaf or African Leaf is a herbal plant empirically used to relieve fever and kidney disease. Pharmacological research reports that the leaves have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties, and a toxicity test was also conducted to ensure their safety. Therefore, this experiment aimed to obtain LC₅₀ of African Leaf (Gymnanthemum amygdalina Del.) ethanol and water extract with the ZFET (Zebra Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity) method and also to observe the toxicity effect of zebrafish (Danio rario) embryo's morphology after the induction of the extract. The experiment refers to the OECD No.236 of 2013 as a guideline, and it was shown that African Leaf's ethanol extract LC₅₀ values were obtained at 6.3629 ppm. Furthermore, the water extract LC₅₀ value was obtained at 25.0520 ppm, and the African Leaf extract was categorized in the toxic category. The leaf extract has a harmful effect on zebrafish embryos, resulting in malformations of the tail, notochord, pericardium, and yolk sac.

Two field experiments were conducted during dry season (October, 2019 to March, 2020) at Yezin Agricultural University farm and Sepin research farm, Yamethin, Myanmar to investigate the effect of different mulching materials on yield and yield components of maize. No mulching and six mulching materials (rice straw mulching, rice husk mulching, maize stover mulching, mung bean stover mulching, soybean stover mulching and white plastic polyethylene mulching) were laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCB) with three replications on NK-621 variety. The longest days to 50% tasseling (69.67) at Yezin and (71.67) at Yamethin were obtained in no mulching while the shortest days to 50% tasseling (62.00) at Yezin and (64.33) at Yamethin were observed from rice straw mulching at Yezin and white plastic polyethylene mulching at Yamethin. Number of kernel row^-1, rows ear^-1, row length, kernels ear^-1, thousand grains weight were significantly different among different mulching materials at Yezin. The maximum grain yield (5.72 ton ha^-1) and (10.39 ton ha^-1) were observed from rice straw mulching at Yezin and Yamethin. According to the results, rice straw mulching resulted in the highest yield and yield components of maize at two locations.