Introduction: Isolated sphenoid sinus lesions cause symptoms such as headache and visual abnormalities. Endoscopic examination and imaging modalities are mandatory to reach diagnosis.Objectives: To validate the importance of direct trans-nasal trans-sphenoid endoscopic approach as a minimally invasive surgical strategy in isolated sphenoid sinus and sellar lesions.Patients & Methods: There are 21 patients in our study, collected over 2 years period. we recorded all patients with isolated sphenoid sinus and sellar lesions. These patients were scheduled for direct trans-nasal trans-sphenoid endoscopic approach for surgical management. Pituitary adenomas affect ten of them, and isolated sphenoid sinus lesions affect eleven. Complete medical history was taken, as well as general examination and local examination including full ENT examination including endoscopic examination, neurological examination, and ophthalmological examination. Routine laboratory investigations, hormonal assay (in patients with pituitary tumors), and radiological evaluation was done.Results: we faced 21 patients 10 of them had pituitary adenomas and 11 of them had isolated sphenoid sinus lesions. 7 patients had non-secretory pituitary adenomas, 3 patients had secretory adenomas, 4 patients had sphenoid sinus mucoceles, 2 patients had spheno-choanal polyps, 2 patients had isolated sphenoid sinus fungal sinusitis, one patient had a granulomatous lesion, one patient had a neoplastic lesion (squamous cell carcinoma), and one patient had unilateral isolated sphenoiditis. Conclusion: Direct trans-nasal trans-sphenoid endoscopic approach is the preferred option for optimal surgical management of patients with isolated sphenoid sinus and sellar lesions.

Apelin is a new multi - functional peptide that has already been linked to blood pressure and cardiac function modulation. It's hypothesised to play a role in hypertension and hypertensive heart disease development., Nitric oxide (NO) was recognized as an endogenous signaling molecule that modulates vascular compliance and organ perfusion via its powerful vasodilatory effects, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and chronic renal problems, are hypothesized to limit NO bioavailability, leading to disease progression. Our study aimed to know the role of apelin and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and Correlate the levels of apelin to nitric oxide in both genders, A total number of 90 participants (70 hypertensive patients and 20 control) were enrolled, all participants underwent blood pressure, serum apelin and NO measurement, our results revealed decreased serum apelin levels in essential hypertensive patients, while serum NO was increased compared to controls with no significant gender difference between..

COVID-19 virus infection 2019 (COVID-19) is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2). Several studies detect that old aged persons as well as people with risk factors such as chronic hepatic disease, cirrhotic liver, cardiac illness, over bodyweight, and compromised immune systems due to other diseases or drugs are more likely to have a higher mortality rate from corona virus infection. Safe and effective vaccination has become a key tool to prevent the new corona virus illness. The world is racing to develop and produce COVID-19 vaccines. Healthcare workers were given priority for early immunization as they are at great risk of infection and may influence vaccine uptake in the general population. COVID-19 vaccines were well tolerated, secure, and create a resistance reaction against the infection in most cases. Most side effects that occurred after vaccinations were mild to moderate, which showed the building of a resistance by the body for protection. Vaccination apprehension is one of the major hurdles to world health. It is important to Know about a vaccine's unfavorable impacts and efficacy to improve public vaccine acceptance.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the deposition of triglycerides in the hepatocytes causing their injury resulting in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis, as a healing response, and may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to establish an animal model for NAFLD/NASH by the use of a high-fat diet. A total number of 30 adult male mice were categorized into two groups; control, high-fat diet (HFD) 15 animals each. The livers of these animals were excised and processed for histological examination for the progress of NAFLD/NASH changes. At the end of the experiment, the mice were slaughtered at 11, 13, 15, 17-week intervals. Liver specimens and blood samples from all animal groups were collected. The liver specimens were processed and stained with hematoxylin & eosin. Blood samples were processed for liver functions. Our results demonstrate that NASH was established 17 weeks after high fat diet administration

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the deposition of triglycerides in the hepatocytes causing their injury resulting in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis, as a healing response, and may progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to establish an animal model for NAFLD/NASH by the use of a high-fat diet. A total number of 30 adult male mice were categorized into two groups; control, high-fat diet (HFD) 15 animals each. The livers of these animals were excised and processed for histological examination for the progress of NAFLD/NASH changes. At the end of the experiment, the mice were slaughtered at 11, 13, 15, 17-week intervals. Liver biopsies and blood samples from all animal groups were collected. The liver specimens were processed and stained with hematoxylin & eosin. Blood samples were processed for liver functions. Our results demonstrate that NASH was established 17 weeks after high fat diet administration

Introduction: poisoning is a major health problem among children that is affected by many factors. Each year large number of children presented to hospitals with poisoning by different agents as household products, medications and others. This study aims to outline the pattern and outcome of poisoning cases among patients less than 18 years admitted to Sohag University Hospitals to find statistical relationships between children toxicity and different factors, and to start using database for toxic cases in Sohag University Hospitals. Methods: the study is a cross sectional study conducted on 91 acutely poisoned patients by different agents aged from 0 to 18 years old, who were admitted to Sohag University Hospitals in the period from October 2013 to Septamper 20214. Data including sociodemograhic data, causative agents, mode and route of poisoning, delay time of presentation and outcome. Results: among 91 children presented with toxicity, toddlers and adolescents were the most affected (38.46 & 37.36 %). Females were more than males(61.54%). Accidental poisoning and oral route were the commonest mode and route of poisoning respectively (71.43 , 92.31 %). Pesticides were the commonest agent and most of cases presented within 6 hours after poisoning. 52% of cases discharged after 6 hours without complications and mortality rate was 2.2%. Delay time and duration of hospitalization were factors that affected the outcome. Conclusion: childhood poisoning is a common problem that is affected by many factors so awareness of them and their parents and preventive measures should be taken to decrease its occurrence.

Apelin is a new multi - functional peptide that has already been linked to blood pressure and cardiac function modulation. It's hypothesised to play a role in hypertension and hypertensive heart disease development., Nitric oxide (NO) was recognized as an endogenous signaling molecule that modulates vascular compliance and organ perfusion via its powerful vasodilatory effects, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and chronic renal problems, are hypothesized to limit NO bioavailability, leading to disease progression. Our study aimed to know the role of apelin and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and correlate the levels of apelin to nitric oxide in both genders, A total number of 90 participants (70 hypertensive patients and 20 control) were enrolled, all participants underwent blood pressure, serum apelin and NO measurement, our results revealed decreased serum apelin levels in essential hypertensive patients, while serum NO was increased compared to controls with no significant gender difference..

-Background: The ultrasonographic evaluation of Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) depends on the appearance and the quantification of multiple B-lines; which are produced by reflection of the ultrasonographic beams from the subpleural thickened interlobar septa on the lung surface interface.Aim:- This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of Thoracic Ultrasonography (TUS) in the diagnosis of ILD, and to assess the correlations of the ultrasonographic features with radiological and functional parameters of ILDs.Patient and method:- Forty six patients with ILD were included in this prospective study; each patient underwent Lung Ultrasonography (LUS), Multi Detector CT chest (MDCT) and spirometry.Results:- The ultrasonographic findings in ILD patients were B lines in 96%, pleural line irregularity in 70%, fragmentation in 26%, thickening in 91% of cases, subpleural lesions were present in 26% of cases, diminished lung sliding was in 17% of cases. Increasing the distance between B lines was negatively correlated with both of ground glass opacities and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), and positively correlated with disease duration and reticular opacities in High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT).Conclusion:-TUS can be used as a complementary imaging technique for the diagnosis of ILD beside HRCT. The B-lines distance is considered as a sign of pulmonary function deterioration and a sign of disease severity .Keyword: Lung ultrasonography, interstitial lung diseases, multidetector computed tomography.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the interleukin 17 (IL-17) level in cases with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in addition to assessing the correlation of IL-17 with the activity of the disease. Patients and Methods: The present research recruited 60 adult SLE cases versus 60 healthy subjects serving as controls. Subjects had a full clinical evaluation, history taking as well as evaluation of disease activity in cases with SLE via the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). The serum level of IL-17 was measured in controls as well as SLE patients. Results: The IL-17 levels were substantially elevated in the SLE cohort than in controls. In addition, its level was positively related to SLEDAI. Conclusion: The present study findings revealed maximized IL-17 levels in SLE cases, denoting their contribution to the activity as well as the pathogenesis of the disease. Serum IL-17 levels were significantly positively related to the activity of the disease, 24 h protein in the urine, and anti-dsDNA.

Objective: To evaluate interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels in Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cases in addition to evaluating the correlation of IFN-γ, and IL-4 with disease activity. Patients and Methods: This study recruited 60 adult SLE subjects and 60 healthy controls. Subjects underwent complete clinical examination, history taking, as well as evaluation of disease activity in cases with SLE via the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Determination of serum levels of IFN-γ, and IL-4 was done in controls as well as patients. Results: IFN-γ, and IL-4 levels were substantially elevated in the SLE cohort than in the controls. Furthermore, the IFN-γ level is significantly positively correlated with SLEDAI, with no link between SLEDAI as well as IL-4. Conclusion: Elevated IFN-γ and IL-4 serum levels in cases with SLE play a role in SLE progression and have a role in disease activity. IFN-γ serum levels were positively linked with disease activity and anti-dsDNA, negatively linked with C4, and no significant correlation with C3 and 24 h protein in the urine.