Host Cell Restriction Factors of Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses
Open Access
- 1 December 2020
- Vol. 12 (12), 1381
- https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121381
Abstract
The paramyxo- and pneumovirus family includes a wide range of viruses that can cause respiratory and/or systemic infections in humans and animals. The significant disease burden of these viruses is further exacerbated by the limited therapeutics that are currently available. Host cellular proteins that can antagonize or limit virus replication are therefore a promising area of research to identify candidate molecules with the potential for host-targeted therapies. Host proteins known as host cell restriction factors are constitutively expressed and/or induced in response to virus infection and include proteins from interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Many ISG proteins have been identified but relatively few have been characterized in detail and most studies have focused on studying their antiviral activities against particular viruses, such as influenza A viruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. This review summarizes current literature regarding host cell restriction factors against paramyxo- and pneumoviruses, on which there is more limited data. Alongside discussion of known restriction factors, this review also considers viral countermeasures in overcoming host restriction, the strengths and limitations in different experimental approaches in studies reported to date, and the challenges in reconciling differences between in vitro and in vivo data. Furthermore, this review provides an outlook regarding the landscape of emerging technologies and tools available to study host cell restriction factors, as well as the suitability of these proteins as targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.This publication has 123 references indexed in Scilit:
- The Transcription Factor STAT-1 Couples Macrophage Synthesis of 25-Hydroxycholesterol to the Interferon Antiviral ResponseImmunity, 2013
- Activation of protein kinase R is required for induction of stress granules by respiratory syncytial virus but dispensable for viral replicationVirology, 2011
- Tetherin and Its Viral AntagonistsJournal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2011
- Paramyxovirus assembly and budding: Building particles that transmit infectionsThe International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 2010
- The IFITM Proteins Mediate Cellular Resistance to Influenza A H1N1 Virus, West Nile Virus, and Dengue VirusCell, 2009
- Tetherin Inhibits HIV-1 Release by Directly Tethering Virions to CellsCell, 2009
- Gene Expression Signatures Diagnose Influenza and Other Symptomatic Respiratory Viral Infections in HumansCell Host & Microbe, 2009
- Interferon-inducible antiviral effectorsNature Reviews Immunology, 2008
- ISG15 inhibits Ebola VP40 VLP budding in an L-domain-dependent manner by blocking Nedd4 ligase activityProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008
- Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif proteinNature, 2002