Multiscale Deficiency Integration by Na-Rich Engineering for High-Stability Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes

Abstract

Lithium-rich manganese-based (LRM) layered oxides are considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high specific capacity (>250 mAh g^–1). However, they also go through severe capacity decay, serious voltage fading, and poor rate capability during cycling. Herein, a multiscale deficiency integration, including surface coating, subsurface defect construction, and bulk doping, is realized in a Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂ cathode material by facile Na-rich engineering through a sol–gel method. This multiscale design can significantly improve the bulk and surface structural stability and diffusion rate of Li⁺ ions of electrode materials. Specifically, an outstanding specific capacity of 201 mAh g^–1 is delivered at 1C of the designed cathode material after 400 cycles, relating to a large capacity retention of 89.0%. Meanwhile, the average voltage is retained up to 3.13 V with a large voltage retention of 89.6% and the energy density is maintained at 627.4 Wh kg^–1. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are conducted to explain the greatly enhanced electrochemical properties of a LRM cathode. We believe that this strategy would be a meaningful reference of LRM cathode materials for the research in the future.