Immunomodulation by Inflammation during Liver and Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis and Aging
Open Access
- 24 February 2021
- journal article
- review article
- Published by MDPI AG in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Vol. 22 (5), 2238
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052238
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is thought to promote tumorigenesis and metastasis by several mechanisms, such as affecting tumor cells directly, establishing a tumor-supporting microenvironment, enhancing tumor angiogenesis, and suppressing antitumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of how inflammation induces the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, such as increasing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and immunosuppressive molecules, inducing immune checkpoint molecules and cytotoxic T-cell exhaustion, and accumulating regulatory T (Treg) cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The suppression of antitumor immunity by inflammation is especially examined in the liver and colorectal cancer. In addition, chronic inflammation is induced during aging and causes age-related diseases, including cancer, by affecting immunity. Therefore, we also discuss the age-related diseases regulated by inflammation, especially in the liver and colon.Funding Information
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP 15K21775, JP 20H03758, JP 18K07994)
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (18gm6210008/19gm6210008/20gm6210008, JP19fk0210059, JP20fk0210059, JP18fk0210040, JP19fk0210040, JP20fk0210040)
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