Tailorable Indirect to Direct Band-Gap Double Perovskites with Bright White-Light Emission: Decoding Chemical Structure Using Solid-State NMR

Abstract

Efficient white-light emitting single-material sources are ideal for sustainable lighting applications. Though layered hybrid lead-halide perovskite materials have demonstrated attractive broadband white-light emission properties, they pose a serious long-term environmental and health risk as they contain lead (Pb²⁺) and are readily soluble in water. Recently, lead-free halide double perovskite (HDP) materials with a generic formula A(I)₂B′(III)B′′(I)X₆ (where A and B are cations and X is a halide ion) have demonstrated white-light emission with improved photolumi-nescence quantum yields (PLQYs). Here, we present a series of Bi³⁺/In³⁺ mixed-cationic Cs₂Bi_1−xIn_xAgCl₆ HDP solid solutions that span the indirect to direct bandgap modification which exhibit tailorable optical properties. Density function theory (DFT) calculations indicate an indirect-direct bandgap crossover composition when x > 0.50. These HDP materials emit over the entire visible light spectrum, centered at 600 ± 30 nm with full-width at half maxima ca. 200 nm upon ultraviolet light excitation and a maximum PLQY of 34 ± 4% for Cs₂Bi_0.085In_0.915AgCl₆. Short-range structural insight for these materials is crucial to unravel the unique atomic-level structural properties which are difficult to distinguish by diffraction-based techniques. Hence, we demonstrate the advantage of using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to deconvolute the local structural environments of these mixed-cationic HDPs. Using ultrahigh field (21.14 T) NMR spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei (¹¹⁵In, ¹³³Cs, and ²⁰⁹Bi), we show that there is a high degree of atomic-level B′(III)/B′′(I) site ordering (i.e., no evidence of antisite defects). Furthermore, a combination of XRD, NMR and DFT calculations were used to unravel the complete atomic-level random Bi³⁺/In³⁺ cationic mixing in Cs₂Bi_1−xIn_xAgCl₆ HDPs. Briefly, this work provides an advance in understanding the photophysical properties that correlate long- to short-range structural elucidation of these newly developed solid-state white-light emitting HDP materials.