Untargeted Urinary Metabolomics and Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: The Influence of Individual Differences
Open Access
- 14 January 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Vol. 18 (2), 710
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020710
Abstract
Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a severe public health problem. There is still a lack of evidence regarding panoramic changes in children’s urinary metabolites induced by their involuntary exposure to SHS, and few studies have considered individual differences. This study aims to clarify the SHS-induced changes in urinary metabolites in preschool children by using cross-sectional and longitudinal metabolomics analyses. Urinary metabolites were quantified by using untargeted ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC(c)-MS/MS). Urine cotinine-measured SHS exposure was examined to determine the exposure level. A cross-sectional study including 17 children in a low-exposure group, 17 in a medium-exposure group, and 17 in a high-exposure group was first conducted. Then, a before–after study in the cohort of children was carried out before and two months after smoking-cessation intervention for family smokers. A total of 43 metabolites were discovered to be related to SHS exposure in children in the cross-sectional analysis (false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p < 0.05, variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1.0). Only three metabolites were confirmed to be positively associated with children’s exposure to SHS (FDR corrected p < 0.05) in a follow-up longitudinal analysis, including kynurenine, tyrosyl-tryptophan, and 1-(3-pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol, the latter of which belongs to carbonyl compounds, peptides, and pyridines. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that 1-(3-pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol and kynurenine were significantly enriched in xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 (p = 0.040) and tryptophan metabolism (p = 0.030), respectively. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of SHS and indicate the influence of individual differences in SHS-induced changes in urinary metabolites in children.This publication has 56 references indexed in Scilit:
- Maternal smoking affects lung function and airway inflammation in young children with multiple-trigger wheezeJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2013
- Environmental tobacco smoke and children's healthKorean Journal of Pediatrics, 2012
- The Response of Children with Asthma to Ambient Particulate Is Modified by Tobacco Smoke ExposureAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2011
- Providing Coaching and Cotinine Results to Preteens to Reduce Their Secondhand Smoke Exposure: A Randomized TrialSocial psychiatry. Sozialpsychiatrie. Psychiatrie sociale, 2011
- Life-long Programming Implications of Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Nicotine Before and Soon After Birth: Evidence for Altered Lung DevelopmentInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2011
- Comparison of Urine Cotinine and the Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Metabolite 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol (NNAL) and Their Ratio to Discriminate Active From Passive SmokingNicotine & Tobacco Research, 2011
- The prevalence of household second-hand smoke exposure and its correlated factors in six counties of ChinaTobacco Control, 2009
- Metabolic Profiling Reveals Distinct Variations Linked to Nicotine Consumption in Humans — First Results from the KORA StudyPLOS ONE, 2008
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure Is Associated With Attenuated Endothelial Function in 11-Year-Old Healthy ChildrenCirculation, 2007
- Passive smoking, salivary cotinine concentrations, and middle ear effusion in 7 year old children.BMJ, 1989