Sodium Alginate as a Potential Therapeutic Filler: An In Vivo Study in Rats
Open Access
- 19 October 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in Marine Drugs
- Vol. 18 (10), 520
- https://doi.org/10.3390/md18100520
Abstract
Filler injection demand is increasing worldwide, but no ideal filler with safety and longevity currently exists. Sodium alginate (SA) is the sodium salt of alginic acid, which is a polymeric polysaccharide obtained by linear polymerization of two types of uronic acid, d-mannuronic acid (M) and l-guluronic acid (G). This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic value of SA. Nine SA types with different M/G ratios and viscosities were tested and compared with a commercially available sodium hyaluronate (SH) filler. Three injection modes (onto the periosteum, intradermally, or subcutaneously) were used in six rats for each substance, and the animals were sacrificed at 4 or 24 weeks. Changes in the diameter and volume were measured macroscopically and by computed tomography, and histopathological evaluations were performed. SA with a low M/G ratio generally maintained skin uplift. The bulge gradually decreased over time but slightly increased at 4 weeks in some samples. No capsule formation was observed around SA. However, granulomatous reactions, including macrophage recruitment, were observed 4 weeks after SA implantation, although fewer macrophages and granulomatous reactions were observed at 24 weeks. The long-term volumizing effects and degree of granulomatous reactions differed depending on the M/G ratio and viscosity. By contrast, SH showed capsule formation but with minimal granulomatous reactions. The beneficial and adverse effects of SA as a filler differed according to the viscosity or M/G ratio, suggesting a better long-term volumizing effect than SH with relatively low immunogenicityKeywords
This publication has 22 references indexed in Scilit:
- Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software ‘EZR’ for medical statisticsBone Marrow Transplantation, 2012
- Alginate: Properties and biomedical applicationsProgress in Polymer Science, 2012
- Sodium alginate as an ideal submucosal injection material for endoscopic submucosal resection: preliminary experimental and clinical studyGastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2011
- Granulomatous Reaction After Injection of a New Resorbable Filler NovabelThe American Journal of Dermatopathology, 2011
- Early granulomatous foreign body reactions to a novel alginate dermal filler: the system’s failure?Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2011
- Role of protein contaminants in the immunogenicity of alginatesJournal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2010
- Advances in Facial Rejuvenation: Botulinum Toxin Type A, Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers, and Combination Therapies???-Consensus RecommendationsPlastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2008
- Differential shuffling of native genetic diversity across introduced regions in a brown alga: Aquaculture vs. maritime traffic effectsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2005
- A Hydrogel Material for Plastic and Reconstructive Applications Injected into the Subcutaneous Space of a SheepTissue Engineering, 2002
- Alkaline Degradation of Alginate.Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1967