Multi-Media Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Lake Chaohu, the Fifth Largest Fresh Water Lake in China: Residual Levels, Sources and Carcinogenic Risk
Open Access
- 23 September 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in Atmosphere
- Vol. 12 (10), 1241
- https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101241
Abstract
The residual levels of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environment media and freshwater fish were collected and measured from Lake Chaohu by using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Potential atmospheric sources were identified by molecular diagnostic ratios and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method. PAH exposure doses through inhalation, intake of water and freshwater fish ingestion were estimated by the assessment model recommended by US EPA. The carcinogenic risks of PAH exposure were evaluated by probabilistic risk assessment and Monte Carlo simulation. The following results were obtained: (1) The PAH16 levels in gaseous, particulate phase, water and fish muscles were 59.4 ng·m−3, 14.2 ng·m−3, 170 ng·L−1 and 114 ng·g−1, respectively. No significant urban-rural difference was found between two sampling sites except gaseous BaPeq. The relationship between gaseous PAHs and PAH in water was detected by the application of Spearman correlation analysis. (2) Three potential sources were identified by the PMF model. The sources from biomass combustions, coal combustion and vehicle emission accounted for 43.6%, 30.6% and 25.8% of the total PAHs, respectively. (3) Fish intake has the highest lifetime average daily dose (LADD) of 3.01 × 10−6 mg·kg−1·d−1, followed by the particle inhalation with LADD of 2.94 × 10−6 mg·kg−1·d−1. (4) As a result of probabilistic cancer risk assessment, the median ILCRs were 3.1 × 10−5 to 3.3 × 10−5 in urban and rural residents, which were lower than the suggested serious level but higher than the acceptable level. In summary, the result suggests that potential carcinogenic risk exists among residents around Lake Chaohu. Fish ingestion and inhalation are two major PAH exposure pathways.Funding Information
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2021-CKL-01)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (FRF-TP-18-071A1)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41977312, 41503104)
This publication has 53 references indexed in Scilit:
- Lung cancer mortality and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in British coke oven workersBMC Public Health, 2013
- Residual levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshwater fishes from Lake Small Bai-Yang-Dian, Northern ChinaEcological Modelling, 2011
- Estimating coal production peak and trends of coal imports in ChinaEnergy Policy, 2010
- Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural and urban areas of the North Chinese PlainEnvironmental Pollution, 2008
- Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sourcesScience of The Total Environment, 2006
- Oceanic deep water formation as a sink of persistent organic pollutantsGeophysical Research Letters, 2006
- Automotive Sources of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Particulate Matter in the Chesapeake Bay RegionEnvironmental Science & Technology, 2000
- Dry Deposition of Particulate Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Lake MichiganEnvironmental Science & Technology, 1998
- Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected from an Urban Location in Birmingham, U.K.Environmental Science & Technology, 1996
- Organic Pollutant Accumulation in VegetationEnvironmental Science & Technology, 1995