Innovation and Application of the Type III Secretion System Inhibitors in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
Open Access
- 9 December 2020
- journal article
- review article
- Published by MDPI AG in Microorganisms
- Vol. 8 (12), 1956
- https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121956
Abstract
Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria rely on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS), which injects multiple effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells, for their pathogenicity. Genetic studies conducted in different host-microbe pathosystems often revealed a sophisticated regulatory mechanism of their T3SSs, suggesting that the expression of T3SS is tightly controlled and constantly monitored by bacteria in response to the ever-changing host environment. Therefore, it is critical to understand the regulation of T3SS in pathogenic bacteria for successful disease management. This review focuses on a model plant pathogen, Dickeyadadantii, and summarizes the current knowledge of its T3SS regulation. We highlight the roles of several T3SS regulators that were recently discovered, including the transcriptional regulators: FlhDC, RpoS, and SlyA; the post-transcriptional regulators: PNPase, Hfq with its dependent sRNA ArcZ, and the RsmA/B system; and the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Homologs of these regulatory components have also been characterized in almost all major bacterial plant pathogens like Erwiniaamylovora, Pseudomonassyringae, Pectobacterium spp., Xanthomonas spp., and Ralstonia spp. The second half of this review shifts focus to an in-depth discussion of the innovation and development of T3SS inhibitors, small molecules that inhibit T3SSs, in the field of plant pathology. This includes T3SS inhibitors that are derived from plant phenolic compounds, plant coumarins, and salicylidene acylhydrazides. We also discuss their modes of action in bacteria and application for controlling plant diseases.Keywords
This publication has 169 references indexed in Scilit:
- Review on Natural Coumarin Lead Compounds for Their Pharmacological ActivityBioMed Research International, 2013
- The nucleoid-associated proteins H-NS and FIS modulate the DNA supercoiling response of the pel genes, the major virulence factors in the plant pathogen bacterium Dickeya dadantiiNucleic Acids Research, 2012
- The c-di-GMP Binding Protein YcgR Controls Flagellar Motor Direction and Speed to Affect Chemotaxis by a “Backstop Brake” MechanismMolecular Cell, 2010
- The role of Hfq in bacterial pathogensCurrent Opinion in Microbiology, 2010
- Characterization of the role of ribonucleases in Salmonella small RNA decayNucleic Acids Research, 2007
- A small-molecule inhibitor of type III secretion inhibits different stages of the infectious cycle of Chlamydia trachomatisProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006
- Cell–cell signaling in Xanthomonas campestris involves an HD-GYP domain protein that functions in cyclic di-GMP turnoverProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006
- Bioinformatics, genomics and evolution of non-flagellar type-III secretion systems: a Darwinian perpectiveFEMS Microbiology Reviews, 2005
- Genome-Wide Identification of Plant-Upregulated Genes of Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 Using a GFP-Based IVET Leaf ArrayMolecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 2004
- HrpG, a KeyhrpRegulatory Protein ofXanthomonas campestrispv.vesicatoriaIs Homologous to Two-Component Response RegulatorsMolecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 1996