12-Deoxyphorbol Esters Induce Growth Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells Via Activation of PKC-δ/PKD/ERK Signaling Pathway
Open Access
- 13 October 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Vol. 21 (20), 7579
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207579
Abstract
Prostratin, a non-tumor promoting 12-deoxyphorbol ester, has been reported as a protein kinase C (PKC) activator and is shown to have anti-proliferative activity in certain cancer cell types. Here we show that GRC-2, a prostratin analogue isolated from Euphorbia grandicornis, is ten-fold more potent than prostratin for inhibiting the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells. Flow cytometry assay revealed that GRC-2 and prostratin inhibited cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis. The cytotoxic effect of GRC-2 and prostratin was accompanied by activation and nuclear translocation of PKC-δ and PKD as well as hyperactivation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK). Knockdown of either PKC-δ, PKD or ERK significantly protected A549 cancer cells from GRC-2- and prostratin-induced growth arrest as well as apoptosis. Taken together, our results have shown that prostratin and a more potent analogue GRC-2 reduce cell viability in NSCLC A549 cells, at least in part, through activation of the PKC-δ/PKD/ERK pathway, suggesting the potential of prostratin and GRC-2 as anticancer agents.Keywords
Funding Information
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST106-2320-B-037-003-MY3)
- Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU-TC108A03-4, KMU-DK109002~4)
This publication has 31 references indexed in Scilit:
- Protein Kinase Cδ in Apoptosis: A Brief OverviewArchivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis, 2012
- Regulated Binding of Importin-α to Protein Kinase Cδ in Response to Apoptotic Signals Facilitates Nuclear ImportJournal of Biological Chemistry, 2011
- Protein kinase D: coupling extracellular stimuli to the regulation of cell physiologyEMBO Reports, 2011
- PKD at the crossroads of DAG and PKC signalingTrends in Pharmacological Sciences, 2006
- Protein Kinase C-dependent Protein Kinase D Activation Modulates ERK Signal Pathway and Endothelial Cell Proliferation by Vascular Endothelial Growth FactorPublished by Elsevier BV ,2005
- Protein kinase C (PKC) family in cancer progressionCancer Letters, 2005
- Protein Kinase D SignalingJournal of Biological Chemistry, 2005
- p21Cip/WAF1 activation is an important factor for the ERK pathway dependent anti-proliferation of colorectal cancer cellsExperimental & Molecular Medicine, 2004
- Protein Kinase C Promotes Apoptosis in LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells through Activation of p38 MAPK and Inhibition of the Akt Survival PathwayPublished by Elsevier BV ,2003
- Structure Activity Relations of Polyfunctional Diterpenes of the Tigliane Type, VI1Planta Medica, 1984