Indole-3-propionic Acid-aggravated CCl4-induced Liver Fibrosis via the TGF-β1/Smads Signaling Pathway

Abstract
The pathogenesis of liver fibrosis involves liver damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and intestinal dysfunction. Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, and a role in maintaining gut homeostasis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of IPA in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis and explore the underlying mechanisms.