Associations of Arterial Stiffness and Carotid Atherosclerosis with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in a Rural Community-Based Population

Abstract

Aims: We aimed to examine the associations of four extracranial artery indicators with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and its total burden. Methods: A total of 904 individuals aged 55–65 years old were included from the Taizhou Imaging Study. CSVD markers, including lacunes (LAC), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), cerebral microbleeds (CMB), and perivascular spaces (PVS), were rated based on brain magnetic resonance imaging. We also measured extracranial artery indices, including the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), the ankle-brachial index, the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and carotid plaque. Linear and binary logistic regressions were adopted to test the associations among these four artery indicators and each CSVD marker when appropriate. Additionally, ordinal and multinomial logistic regressions were performed to assess the relationships between artery indicators and total CSVD score (range from 0–4 points). Results: A total of 443 (49.0%) participants were found to have at least one of the CSVD markers, including 172 (19.0%) with WMH, 184 (20.4%) with LAC, 147 (16.3%) with CMB, and 226 (25.0%) with PVS. Increased baPWV was significantly associated with each CSVD marker, increasing carotid IMT was associated with LAC and PVS, and the presence of carotid plaque was associated with WMH volume and PVS. Moreover, per SD increment of baPWV (odds ratio [OR]: 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–1.50) and the presence of carotid plaque (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.05–1.92) were significantly associated with greater total CSVD scores. Conclusion: Increased baPWV and the presence of carotid plaque appear to be associated with total CSVD burden in rural regions in China.