A Critical Appraisal of Contemporary and Novel Biomarkers in Pheochromocytomas and Adrenocortical Tumors
Open Access
- 25 June 2021
- Vol. 10 (7), 580
- https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10070580
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas/Paragangliomas (PPGLs) and adrenocortical tumors are rare neoplasms with significant heterogeneity in their biologic and clinical behavior. Current diagnostic and predictive biomarkers include hormone secretion, as well as histopathological and genetic features. PPGL diagnosis is based on biochemical measurement of catecholamines/metanephrines, while histopathological scoring systems have been proposed to predict the risk of malignancy. Adrenocortical tumors are mostly benign, but some can be malignant. Currently, the stage of disease at diagnosis and tumor grade, appear to be the most powerful prognostic factors. However, recent genomic and proteomic studies have identified new genetic and circulating biomarkers, including genes, immunohistochemical markers and micro-RNAs that display high specificity and sensitivity as diagnostic or prognostic tools. In addition, new molecular classifications have been proposed that divide adrenal tumors in distinct subgroups with different clinical outcomes.This publication has 144 references indexed in Scilit:
- SomaticHIF2AGain-of-Function Mutations in Paraganglioma with PolycythemiaThe New England Journal of Medicine, 2012
- Adrenocortical TumorsThe American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 2012
- MAX Mutations Cause Hereditary and Sporadic Pheochromocytoma and ParagangliomaClinical Cancer Research, 2012
- Cardiovascular manifestations of phaeochromocytomaJournal of Hypertension, 2011
- The Weiss Score and Beyond—Histopathology for Adrenocortical CarcinomaHormones and Cancer, 2011
- Hypertension in Pheochromocytoma: Characteristics and TreatmentEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 2011
- MicroRNA profiling of adrenocortical tumors reveals miR‐483 as a marker of malignancyCancer, 2010
- Molecular Classification and Prognostication of Adrenocortical Tumors by Transcriptome ProfilingClinical Cancer Research, 2009
- Prognostic value of circulating chromogranin A levels in acute coronary syndromesEuropean Heart Journal, 2008
- Clinical Presentation and Penetrance of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma SyndromesJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2006