Plasma Levels of a Cleaved Form of Galectin-9 Are the Most Sensitive Biomarkers of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Tuberculosis Coinfection
Open Access
- 29 October 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in Biomolecules
- Vol. 10 (11), 1495
- https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10111495
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) complicated with tuberculosis (TB) is a global public issue. Due to the paucity of bacteria in AIDS/TB, blood-based biomarkers that reflect disease severity are desired. Plasma levels of matricellular proteins, such as osteopontin (OPN) and galectin-9 (Gal-9), are known to be elevated in AIDS and TB. Therefore, full-length (FL)-Gal9 and FL-OPN, and their truncated forms (Tr-Gal9, Ud-OPN), and 38 cytokines/chemokines were measured in the plasma of 24 AIDS (other than TB), 49 TB, and 33 AIDS/TB patients. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to screen molecules that could distinguish either between disease and normal group, among each disease group, or between deceased patients and survivors. Selected molecules were further analyzed for significant differences. Tr-Gal9 had the highest ability to differentiate TB from AIDS or AIDS/TB, while Ud-OPN distinguished multidrug resistance (MDR)-TB from non-MDR TB, and extra-pulmonary TB from pulmonary TB. Molecules significantly elevated in deceased patients included; FL-Gal9, Tr-Gal9, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, IL-17A and transforming growth factor-α in AIDS; IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in TB; and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β in AIDS/TB. From the sensitivity, specificity, and significant elevation, Tr-Gal9 is the best biomarker of inflammation and severity in AIDS and AIDS/TB.This publication has 33 references indexed in Scilit:
- Galectin-9 Is Rapidly Released During Acute HIV-1 Infection and Remains Sustained at High Levels Despite Viral Suppression Even in Elite ControllersAIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 2014
- Elevated levels of full-length and thrombin-cleaved osteopontin during acute dengue virus infection are associated with coagulation abnormalitiesThrombosis Research, 2014
- Galectin-9 plasma levels reflect adverse hematological and immunological features in acute dengue virus infectionJournal of Clinical Virology, 2013
- HIV-1 infection induces strong production of IP-10 through TLR7/9-dependent pathwaysAIDS, 2013
- Quinolone-Induced Upregulation of Osteopontin Gene Promoter Activity in Human Lung Epithelial Cell Line A549Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2012
- Galectin-9 binding to Tim-3 renders activated human CD4+ T cells less susceptible to HIV-1 infectionBlood, 2012
- Galectin-9 binding to cell surface protein disulfide isomerase regulates the redox environment to enhance T-cell migration and HIV entryProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011
- Tim3 binding to galectin-9 stimulates antimicrobial immunityThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2010
- HIV‐Associated Tuberculosis: Clinical UpdateClinical Infectious Diseases, 2010
- Development of highly stable galectins: Truncation of the linker peptide confers protease‐resistance on tandem‐repeat type galectinsFEBS Letters, 2005