针对碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料的结构特点、损伤特征进行分析，并对复合材料蒙皮结构进行超声波理论分析。使用超声波A扫方法对复合材料蒙皮结构检测进行研究，确定使用低频窄带5 MHz探头检测效果最佳，从而分析不同区域缺陷的信号特征，并对缺陷进行定位、定量、定性。 The structural characteristics and damage characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites were analyzed, and the skin structure of the composites was theoretically analyzed by ultrasonic wave. Ultrasonic A-scanning method was used to study the composite skin structure and determine the best detection effect of the low-frequency narrow-band 5 MHz probe, so as to analyze the signal characteristics of the defects in different areas and locate, quantify and qualitatively identify the defects.