Mechanistic and Therapeutic Implications of Extracellular Vesicles as a Potential Link Between Covid-19 and Cardiovascular Disease Manifestations
Open Access
- 11 February 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Frontiers Media SA in Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
- Vol. 9, 640723
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.640723
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are cell released double layered membrane particles, have been found in every circulating body fluid, and provide a tool for conveying diverse information between cells, influencing both physiological and pathological conditions. Viruses can hijack the EVs secretory pathway to exit infected cells and use EVs endocytic routes to enter uninfected cells, suggesting that EVs and viruses can share common cell entry and biogenesis mechanisms. SARS-CoV-2 is responsible of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which may be accompanied by severe multi-organ manifestations. EVs may contribute to virus spreading via transfer of virus docking receptors such as CD9 and ACE2. Covid-19 is known to affect the renin angiotensin system (RAS), and could promote secretion of harmful EVs. In this scenario EVs might be linked to cardiovascular manifestations of the Covid-19 disease through unbalance in RAS. In contrast EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells or cardiosphere derived cells, may promote cardiovascular function due to their beneficial effect on angiogenesis, fibrosis, contractility and immuno-modulation. In this article we assessed the potential impact of EVs in cardiovascular manifestations of Covid-19 and highlight potential strategies to control the extracellular signaling for future therapies.Keywords
Funding Information
- Hjärt-Lungfonden (20150557, 20180637, 2016074)
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Svenska Sällskapet för Medicinsk Forskning
This publication has 78 references indexed in Scilit:
- Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesiclesNature Reviews Immunology, 2014
- Angiotensin II induced proteolytic cleavage of myocardial ACE2 is mediated by TACE/ADAM-17: A positive feedback mechanism in the RASJournal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2013
- Innate Immune Response of Human Alveolar Type II Cells Infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–CoronavirusAmerican Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 2013
- Distinct RNA profiles in subpopulations of extracellular vesicles: apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomesJournal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2013
- Exosomes from human macrophages and dendritic cells contain enzymes for leukotriene biosynthesis and promote granulocyte migrationJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2010
- SARS‐coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARSEuropean Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2009
- Exosomes released from macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens stimulate a proinflammatory response in vitro and in vivoBlood, 2007
- Exosomal vaccines containing the S protein of the SARS coronavirus induce high levels of neutralizing antibodiesVirology, 2007
- Stimulation of P2 receptors causes release of IL-1β–loaded microvesicles from human dendritic cellsBlood, 2006
- Angiotensin-(1–7) is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor MasProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003