The chapter starts with the question of raison d’etat. German philosopher Leibniz offered unique observation on China and the “Rites Controversy.” He believed that there exists in China a sophisticated “natural theology” and “practical philosophy.” The combination of both could help create a new statecraft in Europe to allow the emergence of Plato’s ideal philosopher kings. A “Leibniz paradox” thus emerges; i.e., European civilization has encountered many “pagan” cultures, but Chinese culture is the only one the Christian world can neither destroy, nor ignore. This chapter also discusses the particular role played by Montesquieu in post-Enlightenment cultural and racial disparage of Chinese civilization and the Chinese people.