l-Thyroxin and the Nonclassical Thyroid Hormone TETRAC Are Potent Activators of PPARγ
- 1 May 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by American Chemical Society (ACS) in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
- Vol. 63 (13), 6727-6740
- https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02150
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) operate numerous physiological processes through modulation of the nuclear thyroid hor-mone receptors and several other proteins. We report direct activation of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) by classical and non-classical THs as another molecular activi-ty of THs. The T4 metabolite TETRAC was the most active TH on PPARγ with nanomolar potency and binding affinity. We demonstrate that TETRAC promotes PPARγ/RXR signaling in cell-free, cellular and in vivo settings. Simultaneous activation of the heterodimer partners PPARγ and RXR resulted in high dimer activation efficacy. Compared to fatty acids as known natural ligands of PPARγ and RXR, TETRAC differs markedly in its molecular structure and the PPARγ-TETRAC complex revealed a distinctive binding mode of the TH. Our observations suggest a potential connection of TH and PPAR signaling through overlapping ligand recognition and may hold implications for TH and PPAR pharmacology.Funding Information
- Merck
- Bayer
- Merck KGaA
- Pfizer
- Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation
- Innovative Medicines Initiative
- Genome Canada
- AbbVie
- Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado de S??o Paulo
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- Johnson and Johnson
- University of North Carolina
- Novartis
- Canada Foundation for Innovation
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
- Wellcome Trust
- German cancer network DKTK
- Aventis Foundation
- Else-Kroener-Fresenius-Foundation
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