Comparative Study of Protection against Newcastle Disease in Young Broilers Administered Natural Chicken Alpha Interferon via Oral and Intramuscular Routes

Abstract

Despite extensive vaccination approaches, Newcastle disease (ND) remains a permanent threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Besides vaccination, there is a burgeoning demand for new antivirals for use in interventions to control ND. One strategy is to strengthen the host innate immunity via host-derived innate immune proteins. Type I interferons define one of the first lines of innate immune defense against viral infections. Chicken interferon alpha (chIFN-α) is one of the potent cytokines that trigger antiviral responses. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of natural chIFN-α administered via oral and intramuscular (i.m.) routes against ND in broiler chickens. Our results showed that the level of protection against ND in response to chIFN-α therapy was dependent on the route and dose of IFN administration. A better therapeutic effect was observed in chickens treated with chIFN-α via the oral route than in those treated via the i.m. route. Regardless of the administration route, double-dose chIFN-α (2,000-U) treatments provided better protection than single-dose (1,000-U) treatments. However, complete protection against ND was achieved in birds treated with repeated doses of chIFN-α via the oral route. Histopathology of trachea, proventriculus, spleen, and liver showed a significant improvement in ND-induced degenerative changes in double-dose IFN-treatment groups compared to single-dose groups. Results of the hemagglutination test demonstrated a decrease in ND virus (NDV) titer in IFN-treated groups. Also, double doses of chIFN-α via oral route resulted in early recovery in weight gain. We propose that chIFN-α therapy via oral route could be an important therapeutic tool to control NDV infection in chicken. IMPORTANCE Newcastle disease (ND) is an economically important contagious disease of wild and domestic birds worldwide. The disease causes severe economic losses in terms of production due to high mortality and morbidity in nonvaccinated chickens. Despite extensive vaccination approaches, Newcastle disease (ND) remains a permanent threat to the poultry industry worldwide. In the current study, we used natural chicken IFN-α as an innate immune modulator to counteract ND in chickens. We report that chIFN-α is effective in protecting the chickens against ND and also prevents shedding of the virus, which can then prevent further spread of the disease. We propose that in addition to vaccination, chIFN-α therapy could be an effective option for controlling ND in areas of endemicity.