Prevention of New Respiratory Episodes in Children with Recurrent Respiratory Infections: An Expert Consensus Statement from the World Association of Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid)
Open Access
- 16 November 2020
- journal article
- review article
- Published by MDPI AG in Microorganisms
- Vol. 8 (11), 1810
- https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111810
Abstract
In healthy infants and young children, the development of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is extremely common. In this paper, we present an international consensus of the available approaches for the prevention of recurrent RTIs in children, including the atopic/allergic ones as well as those with asthma. Few convincing measures for reducing the frequency and clinical relevance of recurrent respiratory episodes in RTI-prone children have been developed until now. Among the most recently suggested measures, immunotherapy is attractive, but only for OM-85 is there a sufficient number of well-conducted clinical trials confirming efficacy in RTIs prevention with an adequate safety profile. In the case of probiotics, it is not clear which bacteria can offer the best results and which dosage and schedule of administration are the most effective. The problems of dosage and the schedule of administration are not solved also for vitamin D, despite some promising efficacy results. While we wait for new knowledge, the elimination or reduction as much as possible of the environmental factors that favor RTIs, vaccination when available and/or indicated, and the systematic application of the traditional methods for infection prevention, such as hand washing, remain the best measures to prevent recurrent infections in RTI-prone children.This publication has 130 references indexed in Scilit:
- Enhanced production of IL-17A in patients with severe asthma is inhibited by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a glucocorticoid-independent fashionJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2013
- Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsPLOS ONE, 2013
- Modulation of airway epithelial cell functions by Pidotimod: NF-kB cytoplasmatic expression and its nuclear translocation are associated with an increased TLR-2 expressionItalian Journal of Pediatrics, 2013
- Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysisJournal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 2012
- Echinacea purpurea aerial extract alters course of influenza infection in miceVaccine, 2010
- Impact of the L-arginine-Nitric Oxide Pathway and Oxidative Stress on the Pathogenesis of the Metabolic SyndromeThe Open Biochemistry Journal, 2008
- Impact of Human Bocavirus on Children and Their FamiliesJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 2008
- Epidemic influenza and vitamin DEpidemiology and Infection, 2006
- Ribosomal Immunotherapy for Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in ChildrenPediatric Drugs, 2003
- Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Paediatric PatientsDrugs, 1997