Role of silicon in the development of complex crystal shapes in coccolithophores
Open Access
- 23 January 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wiley in New Phytologist
- Vol. 231 (5), 1845-1857
- https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17230
Abstract
The development of calcification by the coccolithophores had a profound impact on ocean carbon cycling, but the evolutionary steps leading to the formation of these complex biomineralised structures are not clear. Heterococcoliths consisting of intricately‐shaped calcite crystals are formed intracellularly by the diploid life cycle phase. Holococcoliths consisting of simple rhombic crystals can be produced by the haploid life cycle stage but are thought to be formed extracellularly representing an independent evolutionary origin of calcification. We use advanced microscopy techniques to determine the nature of coccolith formation and complex crystal formation in coccolithophore life cycle stages. We find that holococcoliths are formed in intracellular compartments in a similar manner to heterococcoliths. However, we show that silicon is not required for holococcolith formation and that the requirement for silicon in certain coccolithophore species relates specifically to the process of crystal morphogenesis in heterococcoliths. We therefore propose an evolutionary scheme in which the lower complexity holococcoliths represent an ancestral form of calcification in coccolithophores. The subsequent recruitment of a silicon‐dependent mechanism for crystal morphogenesis in the diploid life cycle stage led to the emergence of the intricately‐shaped heterococcoliths, enabling the formation of the elaborate coccospheres that underpin the ecological success of coccolithophores.Keywords
Funding Information
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/N011708/1)
- National Science Foundation (1638838)
- H2020 European Research Council (ERC‐ADG‐670390)
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