Do not keep it simple: recent advances in the generation of complex organoids
Open Access
- 8 May 2020
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Journal of Neural Transmission
- Vol. 127 (11), 1569-1577
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02198-8
Abstract
3D cell culture models which closely resemble real human tissues are of high interest for disease modelling, drug screening as well as a deeper understanding of human developmental biology. Such structures are termed organoids. Within the last years, several human organoid models were described. These are usually stem cell derived, arise by self-organization, mimic mechanisms of normal tissue development, show typical organ morphogenesis and recapitulate at least some organ specific functions. Many tissues have been reproduced in vitro such as gut, liver, lung, kidney and brain. The resulting entities can be either derived from an adult stem cell population, or generated from pluripotent stem cells using a specific differentiation protocol. However, many organoid models only recapitulate the organs parenchyma but are devoid of stromal components such as blood vessels, connective tissue and inflammatory cells. Recent studies show that the incorporation of endothelial and mesenchymal cells into organoids improved their maturation and might be required to create fully functional micro-tissues, which will allow deeper insights into human embryogenesis as well as disease development and progression. In this review article, we will summarize and discuss recent works trying to incorporate stromal components into organoids, with a special focus on neural organoid models.Keywords
Funding Information
- DFG (TR225-B04)
This publication has 74 references indexed in Scilit:
- A Programmable Dual-RNA–Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial ImmunityScience, 2012
- GPR124, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, is required for CNS-specific vascularization and establishment of the blood–brain barrierProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011
- Angiogenic sprouting into neural tissue requires Gpr124, an orphan G protein-coupled receptorProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011
- Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitroNature, 2010
- Essential Regulation of CNS Angiogenesis by the Orphan G Protein–Coupled Receptor GPR124Science, 2010
- Reprogramming of Human Peripheral Blood Cells to Induced Pluripotent Stem CellsCell Stem Cell, 2010
- Wnt/β-catenin signaling is required for CNS, but not non-CNS, angiogenesisProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009
- Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined FactorsCell, 2007
- Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined FactorsCell, 2006
- Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human BlastocystsScience, 1998