Estimación del riesgo ambiental causado por plaguicidas en cultivos de arveja de Ipiales, Nariño-Colombia

Abstract

The Municipality of Ipiales (Department of Nariño, Colombia) concentrates the largest area cultivated with pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the country, nearly 3.070 ha, where an extensive use of pesticides has been associated with the implementation of a production-based model. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental impact of the application of the most common fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, and bactericides. For that purpose, 30 farms were divided into three groups of ten farms each: C1, C2, and C3. The organic matter, pH, texture, apparent density, and distance to water sources of the plot of each farm were determined, and the pesticides used in the two cultivation cycles of pea were characterized. The collected information was entered into a support system, IIRAmb, in order to estimate the indicator, I-PHY, which determined the environmental impact of the pesticides. The results suggest the presence of 44 active ingredients, with an average use per farm of 25.1 kg/ha/year. The global I-PHY indicator presented significant statistical differences between C1 (4.04), C2 (5.06), and C3 (5.28). The last two groups showed the highest environmental risk, especially because the type of molecules they used and the conditions under which the crops developed. These results can be used to create a monitoring and evaluation tool in order to improve the adjustments to the system and increase its sustainability.