Selective hydrogen–deuterium exchange in graphitic carbon nitrides: probing the active sites for photocatalytic water splitting by solid-state NMR

Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), the relationships between whose structural characteristics and the photocatalytic reaction mechanisms still remains unclarified at the molecular level, severely hinders the further development of this field. The present study addresses this issue by employing an innovative strategy to investigate the relationships between the H-containing structures of g-C3N4 and its water splitting property. The exchangeable and unexchangeable protons of the H-containing groups of g-C3N4 were differentiated by selective deuteration, providing a way to distinguish the hydrophilic and relatively unhydrophilic H-containing groups of g-C3N4. A combination of advanced solid-state NMR approaches reveals that amino group defects (CN2(NHx)) on the C-N skeleton of the photocatalyst likely serve as hydrophilic active sites for facilitating the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Accordingly, the new synthesized g-C3N4 sample having a high concentration of CN2(NHx) by design demonstrates an enhanced H2 yield by a factor of 17 than that of pure g-C3N4.