On topological homotopy groups and relation to Hawaiian groups
- 6 August 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Hacettepe University in Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics
- Vol. 49 (4), 1437-1449
- https://doi.org/10.15672/hujms.565367
Abstract
By generalizing the whisker topology on the $n$th homotopy group of pointed space $(X, x_0)$, denoted by $\pi_n^{wh}(X, x_0)$, we show that $\pi_n^{wh}(X, x_0)$ is a topological group if $n \ge 2$. Also, we present some necessary and sufficient conditions for $\pi_n^{wh}(X,x_0)$ to be discrete, Hausdorff and indiscrete. Then we prove that $L_n(X,x_0)$ the natural epimorphic image of the Hawaiian group $\mathcal{H}_n(X, x_0)$ is equal to the set of all classes of convergent sequences to the identity in $\pi_n^{wh}(X, x_0)$. As a consequence, we show that $L_n(X, x_0) \cong L_n(Y, y_0)$ if $\pi_n^{wh}(X, x_0) \cong \pi_n^{wh}(Y, y_0)$, but the converse does not hold in general, except for some conditions. Also, we show that on some classes of spaces such as semilocally $n$-simply connected spaces and $n$-Hawaiian like spaces, the whisker topology and the topology induced by the compact-open topology of $n$-loop space are coincide. Finally, we show that $n$-SLT paths can transfer $\pi_n^{wh}$ and hence $L_n$ isomorphically along its points.
Keywords
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