Resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) to four commonly used insecticides for malaria vector control in South-East Nigeria
Open Access
- 24 March 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in Parasites & Vectors
- Vol. 13 (1), 1-10
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04027-z
Abstract
Progress made in the control of malaria vectors globally is largely due to the use of insecticides. However, success in the fight against malaria has slowed down or even stalled due to a host of factors including insecticide resistance. The greatest burden of the disease is felt in Africa, particularly Nigeria. Unfortunately, adequate information on insecticide resistance is lacking in many parts of the country, particularly the South-East Zone. Hence, this study aims to bridge the information gap in the Zone. The study was conducted from April to December 2016. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae and pupae were collected from one community each, in the five states of the South-East Zone and reared to the adult stage. The adults were subjected to bioassays for insecticide resistance in accordance with the World Health Organization test procedures, across the four classes of insecticides used in public health. The mosquitoes were also subjected to molecular identification to the species level, and genotyped for West African knockdown resistance mutation (L1014F) and insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 resistance mutation (G119S). The mosquitoes were susceptible (100%) to bendiocarb but resistant to pirimiphos-methyl (39.6%), deltamethrin (57%) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (13%). Molecular analysis revealed that only An. gambiae (sensu stricto) was found in all the states except for Ebonyi, where only Anopheles coluzzii was present. High frequencies (0.6–0.9) of the L1014F mutation were found across the zone. The L1014F mutation was significantly higher in An. gambiae (s.s.) than in An. coluzzii (P < 0.0001). A relatively low frequency (0.2) of the G119S mutation was found in An. coluzzii, and only in Ebonyi State. The results show that mosquitoes collected from the South-East Zone of Nigeria were resistant to all insecticides used, except for bendiocarb. The presence of L1014F and G119S resistance mutations reported in this study calls for urgent attention to stop the growing threat of insecticide resistance in the country.Keywords
This publication has 25 references indexed in Scilit:
- Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in Ibadan, Southwest NigeriaMedical and Veterinary Entomology, 2014
- High frequency of kdr L1014F is associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles coluzzii in Sudan savannah of northern NigeriaBMC Infectious Diseases, 2014
- Insecticide resistance mechanisms associated with different environments in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: a case study in TanzaniaMalaria Journal, 2014
- Footprints of positive selection associated with a mutation ( N1575Y ) in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Anopheles gambiaeProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012
- Evidence of multiple pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto from NigeriaTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009
- Expression of the cytochrome P450s, CYP6P3 and CYP6M2 are significantly elevated in multiple pyrethroid resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. from Southern Benin and NigeriaBMC Genomics, 2008
- Insertion polymorphisms of SINE200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of Anopheles gambiae molecular formsMalaria Journal, 2008
- Distribution of knock-down resistance mutations in Anopheles gambiae molecular forms in west and west-central AfricaMalaria Journal, 2008
- Resistance of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. to pyrethroid insecticides, in south-western NigeriaPathogens and Global Health, 2002
- Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s.Insect Molecular Biology, 1998