Breast Milk and COVID-19: From Conventional Data to “Omics” Technologies to Investigate Changes Occurring in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Mothers
Open Access
- 25 May 2021
- journal article
- review article
- Published by MDPI AG in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Vol. 18 (11), 5668
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115668
Abstract
In this context of COVID-19 pandemic, great interest has been aroused by the potential maternal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by transplacental route, during delivery, and, subsequently, through breastfeeding. Some open questions still remain, especially regarding the possibility of finding viable SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk (BM), although this is not considered a worrying route of transmission. However, in BM, it was pointed out the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other bioactive components that could protect the infant from infection. The aim of our narrative review is to report and discuss the available literature on the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in BM of COVID-19 positive mothers, and we discussed the unique existing study investigating BM of SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers through metabolomics, and the evidence regarding microbiomics BM variation in COVID-19. Moreover, we tried to correlate metabolomics and microbiomics findings in BM of positive mothers with potential effects on breastfed infants metabolism and health. To our knowledge, this is the first review summarizing the current knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 effects on BM, resuming both “conventional data” (antibodies) and “omics technologies” (metabolomics and microbiomics).This publication has 110 references indexed in Scilit:
- Vertical mother–neonate transfer of maternal gut bacteria via breastfeedingEnvironmental Microbiology, 2013
- Induction and Role of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase in Mouse Models of Influenza A Virus InfectionPLOS ONE, 2013
- Breastfeeding and the Use of Human MilkPEDIATRICS, 2012
- Sharing of Bacterial Strains Between Breast Milk and Infant FecesJournal of Human Lactation, 2012
- Antibiotic Exposure by 6 Months and Asthma and Allergy at 6 Years: Findings in a Cohort of 1,401 US ChildrenAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 2010
- Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patientsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008
- Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-GrittyClinical Microbiology Reviews, 2007
- Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Mediates Cell Type-Specific Anti-Measles Virus Activity of Gamma InterferonJournal of Virology, 2005
- Inhibition of human herpes simplex virus type 2 by interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenaseMicrobes and Infection, 2004
- Bifidobacterial Species Differentially Affect Expression of Cell Surface Markers and Cytokines of Dendritic Cells Harvested from Cord BloodClinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2004