Deficiency of the innate immune adaptor STING promotes autoreactive T cell expansion in NOD mice

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) is a central hub for cytosolic nucleic acid sensing and its activation results in upregulation of type I IFN production in innate immune cells. A type I IFN gene signature seen before the onset of type 1 diabetes has been suggested as a driver of disease initiation both in humans and in the NOD mouse model. A possible source of type I IFN is through activation of the STING pathway. Recent studies suggest that STING also has antiproliferative and proapoptotic functions in T cells that are independent of IFN. To investigate whether STING is involved in autoimmune diabetes, we examined the impact of genetic deletion of STING in NOD mice. Methods CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to generate STING-deficient NOD mice. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the level of type I IFN-regulated genes in islets from wild-type and STING-deficient NOD mice. The number of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)_206-214-specific CD8⁺ T cells was determined by magnetic bead-based MHC tetramer enrichment and flow cytometry. The incidence of spontaneous diabetes and diabetes after adoptive transfer of T cells was determined. Results STING deficiency partially attenuated the type I IFN gene signature in islets but did not suppress insulitis. STING-deficient NOD mice accumulated an increased number of IGRP_206-214-specific CD8⁺ T cells (2878 ± 642 cells in NOD.STING^−/− mice and 728.8 ± 196 cells in wild-type NOD mice) in peripheral lymphoid tissue, associated with a higher incidence of spontaneous diabetes (95.5% in NOD.STING^−/− mice and 86.2% in wild-type NOD mice). Splenocytes from STING-deficient mice rapidly induced diabetes after adoptive transfer into irradiated NOD recipients (median survival 75 days for NOD recipients of NOD.STING^−/− mouse splenocytes and 121 days for NOD recipients of NOD mouse splenocytes). Conclusions/interpretation Data suggest that sensing of endogenous nucleic acids through the STING pathway may be partially responsible for the type I IFN gene signature but not autoimmunity in NOD mice. Our results show that the STING pathway may play an unexpected intrinsic role in suppressing the number of diabetogenic T cells. Graphical abstract