Reviews of low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma for studying hemostasis and international standardization

Abstract

Using current surgical hemostasis technologies, the scarring that results from cauterization limits the efficacy of surgery; therefore, a method that controls bleeding without scarring tissue is required. In this regard, low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma (LTP) has been studied as a minimally invasive technology. There are several reports regarding induced platelet aggregation, fibrin polymerization, hemolytic coagulation of red blood cells, and serum protein aggregation following LTP treatment of the blood. However, details of the interrelationships between "plasma quality such as oxygen radicals and electric properties" and "coagulation and aggregation" are not fully understood. It is important to clarify the differences between plasma qualities by analysis. However, in the case of protein aggregation, electric effects may be a key factor. Conversely, LTP devices manufactured for hemostasis are subject to a new international standard (IEC 60601-2-76), which provides basic safety and essential performance specifications.