Prolonged Post-Polymerization Biocompatibility of Polymethylmethacrylate-Tri-n-Butylborane (PMMA-TBB) Bone Cement
Open Access
- 8 March 2021
- Vol. 14 (5), 1289
- https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051289
Abstract
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based acrylic bone cement is commonly used to fix bone and metallic implants in orthopedic procedures. The polymerization initiator tri-n-butylborane (TBB) has been reported to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of PMMA-based bone cement compared to benzoyl peroxide (BPO). However, it is unknown whether this benefit is temporary or long-lasting, which is important to establish given that bone cement is expected to remain in situ permanently. Here, we compared the biocompatibility of PMMA-TBB and PMMA-BPO bone cements over several days. Rat femur-derived osteoblasts were seeded onto two commercially-available PMMA-BPO bone cements and experimental PMMA-TBB polymerized for one day, three days, or seven days. Significantly more cells attached to PMMA-TBB bone cement during the initial stages of culture than on both PMMA-BPO cements, regardless of the age of the materials. Proliferative activity and differentiation markers including alkaline phosphatase production, calcium deposition, and osteogenic gene expression were consistently and considerably higher in cells grown on PMMA-TBB than on PMMA-BPO, regardless of cement age. Although osteoblastic phenotypes were more favorable on older specimens for all three cement types, biocompatibility increased between three-day-old and seven-day-old PMMA-BPO specimens, and between one-day-old and three-day-old PMMA-TBB specimens. PMMA-BPO materials produced more free radicals than PMMA-TBB regardless of the age of the material. These data suggest that PMMA-TBB maintains superior biocompatibility over PMMA-BPO bone cements over prolonged periods of at least seven days post-polymerization. This superior biocompatibility can be ascribed to both low baseline cytotoxicity and a further rapid reduction in cytotoxicity, representing a new biological advantage of PMMA-TBB as a novel bone cement material.This publication has 56 references indexed in Scilit:
- Chemodynamics underlying N-acetyl cysteine-mediated bone cement monomer detoxificationActa Biomaterialia, 2009
- N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-mediated detoxification and functionalization of poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cementBiomaterials, 2009
- N‐acetyl cysteine prevents polymethyl methacrylate bone cement extract‐induced cell death and functional suppression of rat primary osteoblastsJournal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 2009
- Restored viability and function of dental pulp cells on poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based dental resin supplemented with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)Dental Materials, 2008
- Projections of Primary and Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 2007
- Necrotic livedo after vertebroplastyBritish Journal of Dermatology, 2006
- Mechanical and histological evaluation of a PMMA-based bone cement modified with γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and calcium acetateBiomaterials, 2006
- Regulatory Controls for Osteoblast Growth and Differentiation: Role of Runx/Cbfa/AML FactorsCritical Reviews™ in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 2004
- Effect of CMW 1 bone cement on transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression by endothelial cellsJournal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2001
- Modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in lymphocytes exposed to bone cementsJournal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2000