Paroxysmal Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis—A Review of the Literature
Open Access
- 24 September 2020
- journal article
- review article
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Vol. 9 (10), 3100
- https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103100
Abstract
Paroxysmal symptoms are well-recognized manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). These are characterized by multiple, brief, sudden onset, and stereotyped episodes. They manifest as motor, sensory, visual, brainstem, and autonomic symptoms. When occurring in the setting of an established MS, the diagnosis is relatively straightforward. Conversely, the diagnosis is significantly more challenging when they occur as the initial manifestation of MS. The aim of this review is to summarize the various forms of paroxysmal symptoms reported in MS, with emphasis on the clinical features, radiological findings and treatment options.This publication has 118 references indexed in Scilit:
- Comparison between Trans-Cranial Electromagnetic Stimulation and Low-Level Laser on Modulation of Trigeminal NeuralgiaJournal of Physical Therapy Science, 2013
- Cluster-tic syndrome as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosisThe Journal of Headache and Pain, 2012
- Paroxysmal Dystonia as a Rare Initial Manifestation of Multiple SclerosisJournal of Child Neurology, 2011
- Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteriaAnnals of Neurology, 2011
- EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revisionEuropean Journal of Neurology, 2010
- Paroxysmal hypothermia as a clinical feature of multiple sclerosisNeurology, 2009
- Investigation of paroxysmal dystonia in a patient with multiple sclerosis: A transcranial magnetic stimulation studyClinical Neurophysiology, 2008
- Writer’s Cramp as a Manifestation of Cervical Demyelinating LesionsEuropean Neurology, 2007
- Thalamic demyelination and paroxysmal dystonia in multiple sclerosisMovement Disorders, 1991
- Hiccups and vomiting as initial manifestations of multiple sclerosis.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 1987