First Detection of Tetrodotoxins in the Cotylean Flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum
Open Access
- 18 January 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in Marine Drugs
- Vol. 19 (1), 40
- https://doi.org/10.3390/md19010040
Abstract
Several polyclad flatworm species are known to contain high levels of tetrodotoxin (TTX), but currently TTX-bearing flatworms seem to be restricted to specific Planocera lineages belonging to the suborder Acotylea. During our ongoing study of flatworm toxins, high concentrations of TTXs were detected for the first time in the flatworm Prosthiostomum trilineatum, suborder Cotylea, from the coastal area of Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. Toxin levels were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), revealing that this species contains comparable concentrations of toxins as seen in planocerid flatworms such as Planocera multitentaculata. This finding indicated that there may be other species with significant levels of TTXs. The distribution of TTXs among other flatworm species is thus of great interest.Keywords
Funding Information
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19H00954,19H02896,20K15606,17H06406)
This publication has 52 references indexed in Scilit:
- First Identification of 5,11-Dideoxytetrodotoxin in Marine Animals, and Characterization of Major Fragment Ions of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs by High Resolution ESI-MS/MSMarine Drugs, 2013
- Cotylea (Polycladida): a cladistic analysis of morphologyInvertebrate Biology, 2008
- DISTRIBUTION AND ORIGIN OF TETRODOTOXINJournal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews, 2001
- PHARMACOLOGY OF TETRODOTOXINJournal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews, 2001
- Isolation and Structural Assignment of 5-Deoxytetrodotoxin from the Puffer FishFugu poecilonotusBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 1999
- CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choiceNucleic Acids Research, 1994
- Isolation and Structural Assignment of 11-Nortetrodotoxin-6(S)-ol from the Puffer Arothron nigropunctatusBioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 1992
- New tetrodotoxin analogs from the newt Cynops ensicaudaJournal of the American Chemical Society, 1988
- Tetrodotoxin. VII. On the Structures of Tetrodotoxin and its DerivativesCHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, 1964