Comprehensive characterization of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐δ agonist GW501516 for horse doping control analysis
- 6 February 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Wiley in Drug Testing and Analysis
- Vol. 13 (6), 1191-1202
- https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3013
Abstract
According to international sport institutions, the use of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)‐δ agonists is forbidden at any time in athlete career due to their capabilities to increase physical and endurance performances. The (PPAR)‐δ agonist GW501516 is prohibited for sale but is easily available on internet and can be used by cheaters. In the context of doping control, urine is the preferred matrix because of the non‐invasive nature of sampling and providing broader exposure detection times to forbidden molecules but often not detected under its native form due to the organism's metabolism. Even if urinary metabolism of G501516 has been extensively studied in human subjects, knowledge on GW501516 metabolism in horses remains limited. To fight against doping practices in horses' races, GW501516 metabolism has to be studied in horse urine to identify and characterize the most relevant target metabolites to ensure an efficient doping control. In this article, in vitro and in vivo experiments have been conducted using horse S9 liver microsome fractions and horse oral administration route, respectively. These investigations determined that the detection of GW501516 must be performed in urine on its metabolites because the parent molecule was extremely metabolized. To maximize analytical method sensitivity, the extraction conditions have been optimized. In accordance with these results, a qualitative analytical method was validated to detect the abuse of GW501516 based on its most relevant metabolites in urine. This work enabled the Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH) to highlight two cases of illicit administration of this forbidden molecule in post‐race samples.Keywords
This publication has 22 references indexed in Scilit:
- Exercise in a Pill: The Latest on Exercise-MimeticsBrain Plasticity, 2017
- In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD‐4033Drug Testing and Analysis, 2016
- A metabolomic study of the PPARδ agonist GW501516 for enhancing running endurance in Kunming miceScientific Reports, 2015
- Activation of PPARδ signaling improves skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and endurance function in an animal model of ischemic left ventricular dysfunctionAmerican Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2015
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands: nutritional and clinical implications - a reviewNutrition Journal, 2014
- New peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: potential treatments for atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseExpert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2014
- Trafficking of drug candidates relevant for sports drug testing: Detection of non‐approved therapeutics categorized as anabolic and gene doping agents in products distributed via the InternetDrug Testing and Analysis, 2011
- AMPK and PPARδ Agonists Are Exercise MimeticsCell, 2008
- Activation of nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-δ accelerates intestinal adenoma growthNature Medicine, 2004
- The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) and their effects on lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiationBiochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, 1996