Gastric equivalent of the ‘Holy Plane’ to standardize the surgical concept of stomach cancer to mesogastric excision: updating Jamieson and Dobson’s historic schema

Abstract

Background Surgery for curable gastric cancer has historically involved dissection of lymph nodes, depending on the risk of metastasis. By establishing the concept of mesogastric excision (MGE), we aim to make this approach compatible with that for colorectal cancer, where the standard is excision of the mesentery. Methods Current advances in molecular embryology, visceral anatomy, and surgical techniques were integrated to update Jamieson and Dobson’s schema, a historical reference for the mesogastrium. Results The mesogastrium develops with a three-dimensional movement, involving multiple fusions with surrounding structures (retroperitoneum or other mesenteries) and imbedding parenchymal organs (pancreas, liver, and spleen) that grow within the mesentery. Meanwhile, the fusion fascia and the investing fascia interface with adjacent structures of different embryological origin, which we consider to be equivalent to the ‘Holy Plane’ in rectal surgery emphasized by Heald in the concept of total mesorectal excision. Dissecting these fasciae allows for oncologic MGE, consisting of removing lymph node-containing mesenteric adipose tissue with an intact fascial package. MGE is theoretically compatible with its colorectal counterpart, although complete removal of the mesogastrium is not possible due to the need to spare imbedded vital organs. The celiac axis is treated as the central artery of the mesogastrium, but is peripherally ligated by tributaries flowing into the stomach to feed the spared organs. Conclusion The obscure contour of the mesogastrium can be clarified by thinking of it as the gastric equivalent of the ‘Holy Plane’. MGE could be a standard concept for surgical treatment of stomach cancer.