Implementation Intentions to Reduce Smoking: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract

Implementation intentions are a goal-setting technique in which an individual commits to perform a particular behavior when a specific context arises. Recently, researchers have begun studying how implementation intention interventions (II interventions) can facilitate anti-smoking efforts. The current systematic review synthesized results of experimental studies that tested the effect of an II intervention on smoking cognitions and behavior. Out of twenty-nine reviewed articles, eleven studies met inclusion criteria. Nine studies (81.8%) tested an II intervention as a cessation tool for current smokers, while two tested II interventions as a tool to prevent smoking among predominantly non-smoking adolescents. A majority of the studies (66.7%) testing II interventions as a cessation tool reported a positive effect on cessation at long-term follow-up. Of the two studies testing II interventions as a tool for prevention, one found a positive effect at long-term follow-up. Methodology varied between the studies, highlighting the discrepancies between what researchers consider “implementation intentions” to be. II interventions are a promising tool for anti-smoking efforts, but more research is necessary to determine the best methodology and the populations for whom this intervention will be most effective. Brief, free, and easily scalable, II interventions to prevent smoking are highly attractive for anti-smoking efforts. This review outlines the circumstances under which II interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in helping people resist smoking cigarettes. We illuminate gaps in the existing literature, limitations and methodological discrepancies between studies, and areas for future study.