Photothermal ablation therapy (PAT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic method for tumor elimination with little harm to normal tissues and organs, showing many advantages compared with conventional methods widely used today. Thus, PAT has attracted increasing interest and has been widely studied. Effective PAT relies heavily on low-toxicity, low-cost, biocompatible, and highly efficient photothermal agents. At present, there are mainly four basic classes, including organic and polymer-based, metal-based, carbon-based, and semiconductorbased photothermal agents. Based on these four basic classes, several types of multifunctional photothermal agents have received much attention, such as imaging-guided photothermal agents, photothermal-chemo synergistic agents, and photothermal-photodynamic synergistic agents. In this review, we focus on the classic research samples and the most recent progress to make an introduction to photothermal therapy. Meanwhile, the limitations as well as some perspective also will be discussed.

Particles in the nano-size range can certainly serve as potential lubricating additives in water-based solutions during various metal processing. Here, this review systematically covers the water-based lubricant with nanoparticle additives in the advanced metal manufacturing industry. Three main parts of this review include different nanoparticle additives in aqueous lubrication and their tribological (friction and wear) properties. Firstly, chemical, morphological and dispersive parameters of nanoparticles have been studied together with corresponding lubrication mechanisms. Secondly, interface characteristics, oxidation resistance and smart surfaces have also been addressed based on the assessments for the tribological performance of nanoparticles additives. Finally, general dominant development trends and possibilities for nanoparticles additives in water-based solutions have been highlighted, as well as some implications of water-repellent biomaterials and superlubricity. Thus, we provide a broad overview of significant potential nanoparticle additives in water-based lubricants with superior tribological performance, with an emphasis on recent nanotechnology developments transitioning to industrial applications.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known to have inhibitory and bactericidal effects due to their small size. When the size of the particle decreases to nanometer range, properties such as chemical reactivity, mechanical strength and biological properties are improved. Considerable attentions have been received by noble metals nanoparticles due to their surface plasmon resonance which show strong absorption bands in the visible region, and can be easily examined by UV-Visible spectrometer. Several methods about synthesis of AgNPs have been reported including chemical and physical methods which are associated with environmental concerns. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is cheap, non-toxic, eco-friendly and gives high-yield at ambient temperature and pressure. Here we review the green synthesis of AgNPs using plant extracts and their anti-microbial activities. Besides anti-microbial activities, the applications of green synthesized AgNPs in the field of optoelectronics, medicine, catalysis, optics and sensors are well known.

Recently two-dimensional (2D) boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) materials have attracted significant attentionbecause of their exceptional physical properties and potential applications. In this review, we highlight ourgroup's recent development of a magnetic field-assisted pulsed laser plasma deposition system for the fabrication and functionalization of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs). This digitally-controlled pulse depositiontechnique enables us to synthesize highly transparent 2D nanosheet materials at a low substrate temperature, below 350°C. It provides a versatile tool for the low cost, quick synthesis of BN nanosheets on varioussubstrates with an excellent thickness control and reduced thermal stresses. The fundamental focus of ourcharacterization work is on the structure evolution when the nanosheet thickness is increased layer by layer,with an objective to obtain defect-free single-crystalline boron nitride nanosheets. We observed an increase ofthe spatial period of crystalline structures of the B3–N3 ring and the interlayer distance (layer-to-layer spacing) as boron nitride nanosheet thickness decreased. Furthermore, the BN crystal structure variation and theband gap width shift are investigated after 2D BN nanosheets are functionalized with hydrogen doping and theassociated electrical property changes. Finally, as an example of possible applications, we report the prototype development of BNNS-based deep UV detectors.

The emphasis of pharmaceutical galenic research is turned towards the development of more efficacious drug delivery systems with already existing molecules rather than going for new drug discovery because of the inherent hurdles posed in drug discovery and development process. Nanotechnology has opened several novel panoramas in the field of drug delivery by using polymeric nanoparticle for drug delivery, minimizing the adverse effects and maintaining the therapeutic effects of active ingredient. Even though there are a number of conventional drugs available for the management of diabetes, nothing is optimal as perceptive of diabetes pathophysiology is incomplete. Thus a vital need for improvement in diabetes care using novel technique is essential because of its high morbidity, mortality rate and also it's presenting an economic burden in terms of health care expenditure for treating its complications. The aim of this review paper is to provoke the researchers to investigate the application of nanotechnology in the management of diabetic complications and to improve patient compliance.

Molecular imaging is an emerging field within science and medicine. This new technology will allow scientists and clinicians to visualize disease in a way previously unattainable. To advance this field, a new contrast agent is needed. Nanoparticles offer an ideal platform with the potential to fill this role. Not only are they proving to be useful as a general contrast agent but they can also be designed to target specific biomarkers. This is largely due to their inherent surface chemistry properties that allow us to conjugate them with targeting agents, such as aptamers. Aptamers are DNA, RNA, or XNA oligonucleotides selected to specifically bind proteins and other small molecules. Combining aptamer and nanoparticle allows for molecular targeting coupled to a highly sensitive detection capability. Recent investigation has shown the aptamer nanoconjugate platform to be useful as biosensors, in in vitro imaging of molecular/cellular events, and in in vitro/in vivo imaging of specific types of cancers. There are several research areas that remain to be studied, including but not limited to; image detection optimization, toxicity profiling, functionalization and aptamer surface interaction of nanoparticles. This technology has the potential to be extended to all areas of medicine and modern health problems. This review highlights one potential use, imaging of pulmonary emboli, which has been particularly challenging clinically. In this context, aptamer nanoconjugates offer a promising approach.