No proteome can be considered “democratic”, but rather “oligarchic” since a few proteins dominate the landscape and often obliterate the signal of the rare ones. That is the reason why most scientists lament that, in proteome analysis, the same set of abundant proteins is repeatedly seen. Current pre-fractionation techniques, one way or another, are besieged by problems, in that they are based on a “depletion principle”, i.e. elimination of unwanted species. Yet “democracy” calls for giving “equal rights” to everyone. One way to achieve that would be the use of libraries of combinatorial ligands coupled to spherical beads. When these beads are contacted with complex proteomes (e.g., human urines and sera, egg white, any cell or tissue lysate) of widely differing protein composition and relative abundances, they are able to “normalize” the protein population, by sharply reducing the concentration of the most abundant components while simultaneously enhancing the level of the most dilute components. It is felt that this method could offer a strong step forward in bringing the “unseen proteome” (due to either low abundance and/or presence of interferences) within the detection capabilities of current proteomics detection methods. Examples are given of the normalization of human urine and sera samples, resulting in the discovery of a host of proteins previously unreported. These beads can also be used to remove host cell proteins from purified recombinant proteins or proteins purified from natural sources that are intended for human consumption. These proteins typically reach purities of the order of 98%: higher purities often become prohibitively expensive. Yet, if incubated with Combinatorial Peptide Ligand Libraries (CPLL), even these impurities can be effectively removed with minute losses of the main, valuable product.

Background: New coronavirus disease is considered one of the most widely spreading viral infections all over the world. Increased numbers of severe covid-19 cases are growing up. Gene sequencing and discovering new viral variants is an essential aspect during the pandemic. The generation of treatment-resistant viral strains and the probability of negative impact on vaccination efficacy is possible. We aimed to review the probable effect of new variant emergence on treatment and vaccination efficacy, besides, the importance of gene sequencing from published literature data till the moment. Main body of the SARS-CoV-2 genome studies indicated that it shared 79 to 82% nucleotide similarity with SARS-CoV-1. Several gene locations in the envelope (E) structural protein c.222G>C (p. Leu74Leu) and the Membrane (M) structural protein c.213C>T (p. Tyr71Tyr) were proved to have mutations. Also, the surface (S) gene mutation c.1841A>G (p. Asp614Gly) is most relevant. The published sequences in Egypt are accounting for less than 0.2 percent of reported instances. Short conclusion: The possibility of rapid generation of treatment-resistant viral strains is highly possible. As a consequence of genetic alterations that impart functional differences in infectivity, sub-strains might arise as a result of acquired immunity that is likely to diminish over time and become less effective against increasingly aggressive strains. Gene sequencing in Egypt requires a lot of efforts to provide a rapid discovery for new emerging variants, to avoid a possible decrease in vaccination efficacy and emergence of treatment-resistant strains.