Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous chemicals that interfere with hormones action, thereby increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes, including cancer, reproductive impairment, cognitive deficits and obesity. A complex literature of mechanistic studies provides evidence on the hazards of EDC exposure, yet there is no widely accepted systematic method to integrate these data to help identify EDC hazards. Significant advances in research into endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their health effects have elevated concerns in recent years about these chemicals among a number of international scientific and health organizations. The research reviewed here provides knowledge about EDC’s that health scientists can use to inform their research and decision-making processes. Keywords: Endocrine disrupting chemicals, hormones action, cancer, reproductive impairment, cognitive deficits and obesity

Lipids have wide range of applications in food and pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceuticals application of lipid is to improve solubility of drug also helps to improve the bioavailability. The dissolution/dissolving phase, which is probably the rate-limiting component for oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs, is eliminated by pre-dissolving pharmaceuticals in lipids, surfactants, or combinations of lipid excipients and surfactants. The most widely used co-solvents, together with lipid excipients, are propylene glycol, glycerol, and polyethylene glycols-400, poloxamer etc. various technologies are used such as melt extrusion, melt granulation for preparation of lipid based oral modified released dosage forms. This review summaries the overview of the lipid excipients in terms of their classification, methods of absorption, and lipid-based product development. The manufacture of solid and semi-solid lipid formulations using various methodologies, applications, phase behaviour, and the regulatory outlook of lipid excipients are covered. Keywords: Solid lipids, lipid classification, solidification techniques, modified released.

Oral hygiene, an integral part of the body’s general well-being, it is the practice of keeping the mouth clean and disease free by using tooth paste, mouth wash etc. Plants have been a great source of medical agents for many years and even be considered the origin of modern medicine. Phytochemicals the secondary metabolites of the plants are active ingredients that possess therapeutic properties that are considered as a medicine or drug for therapeutic purposes for the curing of diseases and improving human health. The main objective of this study is to formulate and develop an herbal toothpaste from herbal source and to evaluate its antibacterial activity. The herbal toothpaste containing leaves and flowers of Acmella ciliate, clove, honey and leaves of guava as the herbal ingredients. Different types of formulations (F1-F3) were formulated using Calcium carbonate as cleaning and polishing agent, Glycerine as humectant, Sodium lauryl sulphate, Sodium chloride as a stain remover from the teeth, Honey. The three formulations were evaluated by various parameters like colour, taste, fragrance, consistency, pH, shape maintenance, threading property, moisture content and foaming character. The herbal toothpaste having aqueous extract of herbal source are tested for antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes. The result shows that the bacteria were found to be more sensitive to the formulated toothpaste as seen by zone of inhibition. Further studies would benefit from a uniform method of assessment for clinical effectiveness of plaque and gingivitis and safety of the formulated herbal toothpaste. Keywords: Phytochemicals,Acmella ciliate,herbal toothpast, antibacterial activity

To evaluate and quantify Irinotecan (R-enantiomer) / Irinotecan related compound D in Irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate API, a high stereo-specific liquid chromatography technique was developed and validated. The partition was accomplished on ChiralpakIC-3 (150 x 4.6 mm 3µm) through a mobile fragment comprising 0.1 % v/v Formic acid in water and acetonitrile with 1mL/min, 25⁰C, 20µL, 5⁰C and 370 nmas flow rate, column temparture, injection volume, sample cooler temperature and detection wavelength. At 8.903 and 9.75 min, the retention time of Irinotecan (R-enantiomer) and Irinotecan (S-enantiomer) was determined. The resolution between Irinotecan (R-enantiomer) and Irinotecan (S-enantiomer) was found to be 2.4. The impurity acceptance limit is 0.2 %. The established method's precision, accuracy, sensitivity, linearity, specificity, and ruggedness were all verified in accordance with ICH recommendations. The qualifying sample LOQ was found to be 0.4 g/ml, while the minimal amount of sample needed for LOD detection was found to be 0.12 g/ml. The proposed reversed-phase method has been sophisticated and authenticated in accordance with ICH criteria and is capable of quantifying irinotecan enantiomer in irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate API at trace level concentration. The specificity, linearity, and accuracy of the approach were used to guarantee its efficacy; as a result, it is appropriate for the task at hand, may be used successfully for routine laboratory analysis, and can be utilised for quality control. Keywords: Irinotecan, liquid chromatography technique, enantiomer impurity

Aim: To examine the effects of gallic acid (GA) in the stomach in rats undergoing intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) with Beclin -1 immunostaining. Material-Metod: 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into control, IR and IR+GA groups. For the IR protocol, 60 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion were applied. The small intestines of the rats in the control group were removed by laparotomy and the abdomen was closed without applying anything else. Ischemia and reperfusion was applied to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 60 minutes with a clamp in rats in the IR group. The blood flow was stopped with a clamp on the SMA of the rats in the IR+GA group and ischemia was applied for 60 minutes. 50 mg/kg gallic acid was given intraperitoneally to the animals, 60 minutes of reperfusion was performed, and the abdomen was closed. The stomach tissues were placed in paraffin blocks after routine histological follow-ups. Five micrometer-thick sections were taken from the paraffin blocks and stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and Beclin-1 immunostaining. Results: In the IR group, degeneration of gastric folds, apoptosis of epithelial cells and degeneration of lamina muscularis were observed. In the IR + GA group, gastric folds improved, but cell infiltration in the lamina propria and degeneration in the muscular layer were observed. Beclin-1 expression was positively observed in the surface epithelial cells and gastric glands in the control group. In the IR group, it was observed that the gastric folds were positive on the surface cells and negative in the submucosa, while in the IR + GA group, it was intensely expressed in the gastric epithelium and gastric glands. Conclusion: By increasing the expression of beclin-1, GA treatment induced autophagy in gastric mucosal cells, triggered the destruction of damaged cells and provided restoration of the mucosal layer. Keywords: Beclin-1, gallic acid, apoptosis

This research was done to formulate and assess the sustained release property of metformin tablets prepared from metformin microcapsules produced by ionic gelation technique using Sida acuta gum or sodium carboxymethylcellulose as release retardant. Sida acuta gum was produced by isopropyl alcohol precipitation of the filtrate obtained from distilled water maceration of powdered dried Sida acuta leaves. Metformin and Sida acuta gum compatibility was determined using FTIR. Metformin microcapsules were prepared by ionic gelation technique using sodium alginate alone or with either Sida acuta gum or sodium carboxymethylcellulose as release retardant. The microcapsules were evaluated for % yield and flow properties. The size and surface morphology of the microcapsules were determined using scanning electron microscopy. Metformin tablets were prepared from the microcapsules using direct compression technique. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability and in vitro dissolution. There was no major incompatibility between metformin and Sida acuta gum. The microcapsules have excellent flow property and were of micrometer size range. They have rough surfaces. The friability of the tablets ranged from 0.4-1.6% while the hardness was from 3.82-11.17 Kgf. The tablets from formulations M2 failed both friability and hardness test. About 44.5-47.1% of metformin was released from the tablet formulations after 6 h while 86.0-100% was released after 10 h. All the tablet formulations showed sustained release ability. Keywords: Microcapsules, metformin, Sida acuta gum, sustained release, ionic gelation

Ethmoid polyposis are the nasal polyps which are developed from ethmoidal sinuses located between the nose and eyes. Usually it is allergic in nature and can be multiple, grape like masses. The estimated ethmoid polyposis prevalence in India is 4%. In this case study, a 61 year old female patient was admitted with complaints of severe nasal block since approximately 6 months. Keywords: Ethmoid polyposis, Nasal polyp, Antro-choanal polyp, Choana, Polypectomy

Previously, we reported that tasar silkworm pupal oil (TPO) is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (37%). In this study, we have used three chromatographic techniques, namely preparative HPLC, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC-FID), to purify, determine, and quantify alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), respectively, from TPO. Additionally, to determine the potential of the purified ALA as an anticancer drug, the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was utilised for in vitro investigation. Results revealed that ALA was successfully purified in a fraction of TPO by preparatory HPLC. It was discovered that only ALA was present in the purified fraction of ALA when it underwent GC-MS analysis, further confirming its purity. In addition, the quantification analysis using GC-FID showed that the concentration of ALA was 11760 ppm. Furthermore, anticancer analysis revealed purified ALA significantly inhibited the growth of a colon cancer cell line, (COLO-205) with a GI 50 ≤20. This is the initial investigation into isolating and purifying ALA from Tasar pupal oil. Keywords: Alpha-linolenic acid; GC-FID; HPLC; Omega-3Preparative, Tasar pupal oil.

The dandelion, or Taraxacum officinale, is a perennial herb that forms a rosette leaf and has golden yellow flowers that bloom all year long. It is a member of the Asteraceae family and is typically found in the temperate zone of the Northern hemisphere. Many conventional and modern herbal medical systems use dandelion leaves, roots, and flowers. According to a phytochemical analysis, dandelion herb contains one or more important phytochemical components. Similarly, one of the most significant dandelion compounds contains bitter sesquiterpene lactones, particularly taraxacin and taraxacerin, which play a key role in the mechanism of liver functions associated with hepatoprotective action. Additionally, the results of the phytochemical investigation showed the presence of sterols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, all of which have been linked to a variety of pharmacological effects, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. Keywords: Taraxacum officinale, sesquiterpene lactone; hepatoprotective; anticancer; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory.

Hypertension elevates the risk of heart disease and stroke which are one of the most frequent causes of death. Fortunately, hypertension is manageable with the use of anti-hypertensives and a healthy lifestyle. However, patient non-adherence to the prescribed dosing regimen is the primary reason for uncontrolled blood pressure levels. Daily multiple doses of medication are one of the major reasons for patient non-compliance to the dosing regimen. Multiple doses of medication are a result of low solubility and high first-pass metabolism of anti-hypertensives. There are several approaches to improve the bioavailability of anti-hypertensives like polymeric and non-polymeric approaches to enhance solubility, avoiding first-pass metabolism through alternate routes of drug delivery and others. The objective of this review is to discuss different approaches to enhance the oral bioavailability of anti-hypertensive drugs. Keywords: Solubility enhancements, solid lipid nanoparticles, hot melt extrusion, drug delivery, pharmacokinetics, poorly soluble, oral bioavailability.