Thyroid hormones significantly affect the proper growth, development and functioning of liver. It has been seen that the drugs indicated for thyroid abnormalities also cause troubles in liver function. Objective: To check the effect of thyroid abnormality on liver function. Methods: Patients were recruited from Center of Nuclear Medicine and examined for their thyroid status and liver functions. Results: The results obtained through biochemical tests for potential biomarkers were further explored through statistical analysis which showed the strong correlation between disturbed function of thyroid gland and liver working. Any variation in thyroid function brings change in liver functioning. Conclusions: Therefore, while treating thyroid patients, combination therapy must be recommended to effectively treat the associated disorder and increasing the better social and psychological status of the patient. Furthermore, patients coming with thyroid dysfunction must also be examined for liver abnormalities so that culprit cause of this thyroid abnormality could be treated from the root if present.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications, including nephropathy, are a significant public health concern worldwide. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the development and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases, including T2DM and diabetic nephropathy. Objective: To evaluate of TNF-α gene expression in patients with T2DM and nephropathy compared to healthy individuals. Methods: The cross-sectional study conducted on 120 individuals divided into three groups: healthy individuals, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without diabetic nephropathy, and T2DM patients with nephropathy. RNA was extracted and TNF-α gene expression was evaluated using PCR and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: The results showed almost 4.2-fold induced expression of TNF-α in T2DM patients without nephropathy compared to the normal group. Conclusion: The study reports that in diabetic nephropathy patients, Gene expression of gene TNF-a shows increases in cases when compared with healthy subjects

Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is among the deadly human pathogens which cause a highly lethal haemorrhagic fever. CCHFV, a high-priority zoonotic pathogen is distributed widely and is transmitted in a vertical transmission cycle through these animals. Humans get infected by an infected tick bite, contact with viremic livestock blood, and through nosocomial route. Several CCHFV outbreaks have been reported for the past 2 decades in Pakistan and the virus has emerged in previously non-endemic regions as well. It is important to screen animals for CCHFV through an efficient diagnostic assay to prevent the viral zoonotic spill over to humans. Objectives: To screen the presence of CCHFV in sera collected from cattle, goat, and sheep in various regions in Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Sindh through a pre-established IgG ELISA assay. Methods: A recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP) of CCHFV was used to capture the anti CCFHV IgG antibodies in the animal sera. Results: Among 164 animals tested, 65% (103/164) showed the presence of IgG CCHFV antibodies. From the total 103 animals tested positive, 14.5 % (CI 0-28.2%) were cattle, 63.7% (CI 38.5-60.3%) were goats and 42% (CI 24.4-48.8%) were sheep. Conclusions: High seroprevalence of the CCHFV was expected from these areas as numerous cases of CCHFV have been reported previously. Since no commercial tests are available for the detection of CCHFV-specific antibodies in animals, this IgG ELISA test can be used to screen the animals in areas at risk such as those that have the presence of permissive ticks

Microbial biotechnology is a rapidly growing field that leverages the abilities of microorganisms for practical applications. From producing biofuels to removing pollutants, microorganisms play a crucial role in shaping our world. Bioremediation is one of the most promising applications of microbial biotechnology, using microorganisms to clean up contaminated sites and restore ecosystems. The impact of human activities has led to widespread pollution, and traditional methods of remediation are often expensive, time-consuming, and not environmentally friendly. Microbial biotechnology offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative. Bioremediation can be performed using indigenous microorganisms or by introducing specific strains of microorganisms that are capable of breaking down contaminants. These microorganisms use the pollutants as a source of energy and nutrients, transforming them into harmless substances. This process not only cleans up the site, but it also helps to restore the natural ecosystem and biodiversity. The field of microbial biotechnology has made significant progress in recent years, with advancements in molecular biology and genomics enabling a deeper understanding of microorganisms and their capabilities. The development of new bioremediation techniques has allowed for the efficient removal of a wide range of contaminants, including heavy metals, oil and other petroleum products, and toxic organic compounds. These techniques have proven to be effective in treating contaminated soil, groundwater, and surface water [1]. However, the implementation of bioremediation techniques is not without its challenges. One of the biggest challenges is identifying the most effective strains of microorganisms for a specific contamination site. The environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, and nutrient levels, can have a significant impact on the efficacy of bioremediation. Furthermore, the presence of multiple contaminants can complicate the process, requiring the use of multiple strains of microorganisms. Despite these challenges, the benefits of bioremediation, including sustainability and cost-effectiveness, make it a promising solution for cleaning up contaminated sites. The impact of microbial biotechnology and bioremediation goes beyond just environmental remediation. By leveraging the abilities of microorganisms, we can also contribute to the development of new and innovative technologies. For example, biorefineries are being developed to produce biofuels, bioplastics, and other bioproducts using sustainable processes. This not only helps to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels, but it also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development. Microbial biotechnology and bioremediation are critical fields that offer solutions to some of the biggest environmental challenges facing our world. With continued investment and research, we can develop and implement more effective and sustainable bioremediation techniques. These techniques will play a key role in cleaning up contaminated sites, restoring ecosystems, and promoting sustainable development. It is our hope that the benefits of microbial biotechnology and bioremediation will be recognized and supported by governments, organizations, and the public, allowing us to make a positive impact on our world.

Diabetic retinopathy is characterized as basement membrane (BM) thickening, pericyte loss, endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, microaneurysms, microvascular infarcts and neovascularization in a patient with diabetic retinopathy. Objectives: To determine the VEGF genotype and allele frequency of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 100 blood samples were taken including diabetes mellitus (50) and diabetic retinopathy patients (50). Diseased and control subjects were selected for blood sampling. Demographic and clinical characteristics was evaluated. The BMI, HbA1c and the blood pressure of both groups were also examined. The VEGF genotype and allele frequency of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy was done. The statistical analysis was done by chi-square test and SPSS to study significant differences in control and diabetic retinopathy subjects. Results: The normal estimation of DM group was 46.18 ± 1.23 years while of DR class was 52.86 ± 1.36 years. The mean value of BMI of DM group was 26.0±0.62 while of DR group was 26.57±0.70. DD genetic mutation was substantially higher in diabetic retinopathy bunch (p<0.05) relative to the II gene mutation, the huge contrasts (p<0.05) were seen in diabetic group. Conclusions: This study concluded that Vascular endothelial growth factor gene was detected in both group of diabetes. In retinopathy people with T2DM the substantial elevated VEGF DD genetic variation was seen relative to retinopathy people without diabetes.

The prevailing situation of the World is challenging due to COVID-19 pandemic that is caused by SARS-CoV2. Objectives: To combat with this emerging pandemic by reducing disease severity and infection, the need of hour is to develop an effective vaccine and antiviral candidates as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV2. Methods: This study was developed for the identification of potential anti-viral agents, from Ocimum basilicum against RdRp of SARS-CoV2. In this concern, nevadensin, ursolic acid, β-Sesquiphellandren, apigenin, nerolidol, nonyl acetate and geranyl acetate were screened out of fifty-seven compounds from Ocimum basilicum based on their best docking scores. The docking results were also compared with already clinically used drugs (Remdesivir and Ribavirin) against the RdRp of SARS-CoV2. Molecular docking was performed using MOE software. The ADMET analysis and drug likeliness were also performed for all screened compounds by using admetSAR, pkCSM and SwissADME. Results: Cumulatively, the optimum binding energies of screened compounds indicated their potential for drug development against SARS-CoV2. It appears promising that nevadensin exhibited a good docking score and high binding affinity towards RdRp of SARS-CoV2. Therefore, it may represent the potential to inhibit COVID-19. Conclusion: Hence, Ocimum basilicum nutraceuticals could be effective therapeutic candidates for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.

Non-diabetic nephropathy (NDN) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes, leading to kidney damage and impaired kidney function. TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the development of NDN. Objective: To evaluate the gene expression of TNF-α in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without nephropathy to gain insight into the potential role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: Total of 80 subjects were tested, split into two groups, including healthy patients, T2DM patients without nephropathy, and T2DM patients with nephropathy. RNA was extracted from blood samples, and RT-PCR was used to observe the impact of T2DM without nephropathy on the expression of the TNF-α gene using gene-specific primers and SYBR Green mix. Results: The results showed almost 4.4-fold induced expression of TNF-α in T2DM patients without nephropathy compared to the normal group. Conclusion: The findings may have implications for the development of new therapies and biomarkers for DN, and for a good interpretation of the complex pathophysiology of T2DM. The exact role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of DN in humans is not fully understood, and further investigation is needed.

Hazardous chemicals are forming at an accelerating rate due to a growing global population, necessitating ecological response. Wastewater management and treatment is a costly operation that needs the right technological integration to make it more practical and affordable. Algae are highly sought-after as potential feedstocks for a variety of applications, such as sustainability of environmental, the generation of bioproducts with high-worth, and the manufacturing of biofuels. One technique to reduce wastewater contamination is microalgae bioremediation. The demand for effective greenhouse gas reduction, wastewater treatment biomass reuse and nutrient recovery, has spurred a major concern in the microalgae use of wastewater treatment. Algal biomass can also be used to produce high-value bioproducts and bioenergy. Researchers from all over the world have investigated the use of microalgae for food additives, biofuels, and the production of bioactive and medicinal compounds. The commercial use of algae is now prohibited by technological and financial constraints, and efficient downstream processes are required to lower production costs. Therefore, using microalgae for both biofuel generation and wastewater treatment simultaneously could be a cost-effective way to solve both problems [1]. A different method is to use native bacteriophages as markers to detect the existence of enteric viruses of human, taking into account the bacteriophages. Native bacteriophages in particular share many characteristics with enteric viruses of human, including composition, size, structure, and replication-related elements. For instance, bacteriophages e.g FRNA have an isoelectric point (IEP) of 3.9and dimensions of about 25 nm and, which are related to those of the enterovirus (human) and hepatitis A virus (both of which have sizes of 22–30 nm and IEPs of 4.0–6.4). (IEP 2.8, 27e28 nm). Importantly, the technology used in bacteriophage assays is the quickest and least expensive for identifying human enteric viruses. Researchers are actively striving to quantitatively examine the link between human enteric viruses and native bacteriophages in order to determine the best indicator and improve prediction accuracy. Nevertheless, contrasting assumptions have emerged from the published investigations. The elimination of human pathogenic waterborne viruses, particularly enteric viruses of human, is a crucial factor to consider when assessing the efficiency of membrane treatment in the production of wastewater and drinking water [2]. An effective method for treating spent water that uses little energy is deammonification, which combines partial nitridation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Since the 1990s, when Anammox bacteria were first found, numerous full-scale side stream deammonification units handling high-ammonia used water have been operating successfully. However, there haven't been many reports of this method being utilized extensively to treat municipal waste water with low ammonia concentrations [3].

Septicemia, commonly referred to as blood poisoning, is a potentially life-threatening medical condition caused by the presence of harmful bacteria in the bloodstream. Objective: To assess risk factors of septicemia and observe correlation between them. Methods: This study is cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational. From the medical wards and Accident & Emergency Department of Mayo Hospital Lahore, 101 patients with septicemia were removed. Data was entered into a Performa created specifically for this use. Results: 15/32 patients of UTI, 11/18 patients of bed sores, 6/13 patients having chest infection, 4/8 patients having wound infection, 4/6 patients of hepatic encephalopathy and 3/6 patients of CVA were diabetic. Correlation at two levels was seen i.e., 0.05 which is an indicative of significant correlation and 0.01 which indicates highly significant correlation. Conclusions: Understanding the risk factors associated with septicemia is crucial for preventing and managing this condition. Age, male sex, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and immunocompromised status have all been identified as significant risk factors for septicemia. Improving early life conditions, increasing vitamin D intake, and improving nutritional status may also play a role in reducing the risk of septicemia.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major angiogenic factor and a prime regulator of endothelial cell proliferation. VEGF gene is located on chromosome 6 (6p21.3). Objectives: To determine whether deletion at -2549 position of promoter region of the VEGF gene exert influence on the development of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Diseased and control subjects were selected for blood sampling. The blood samples (n=50) was taken from diabetic retinopathy patients and blood samples(n=50) was taken from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients as control group. After DNA extraction Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed to amplify the VEGF gene and sequencing was commercially done for molecular analysis of VEGF gene. Results: The molecular analysis confirmed that deletion at -2549 position of the promoter region of VEGF significantly greater in DR group. 2-11 % deletion was examined at -2549 position of promoter region of VEGF. The DD genotype was responsible for the development of DR. Conclusions: This study indicates that DD gene mutation and D allele is an autonomous hazard aspect for the advancement and progression of retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes, additionally different issues for example diabetic age and family ancestry of diabetes assumes key function in the advancement of retinopathy in diabetic patients.