The study objective was to detect and measure the ratio of metabolites of benzodiazepine receptor agonists in urine during forensic chemical and chemical and toxicological studies, as well as to characterize the main metabolites to use them to confirm the oral intake of the test substances. Data on the presence of metabolites in the urine will allow us to reliably confirm the intake of zaleplon, zopiclone, clobazam, and phenazepam and determine the routes of administration (intake) into the body of the victim. Benzodiazepine derivatives (clobazam and phenazepam) and non-benzodiazepines (zaleplon and zopiclone) have different chemical structures and similar mechanisms of action resulting in a similar clinical presentation of side effects and the need for forensic chemical study according to poisoning symptoms. Metabolites of benzodiazepine receptor agonists and their ratio in urine after oral administration were measured: zaleplon (parent compound), deethylzaleplon, 5-oxozaleplon, 5-oxodeethylzaleplon, oxozaleplon glucuronide; zopiclone (parent compound), zopiclone-N-oxide, N-desmethylzopiclone; clobazam (parent compound), N-desmethylclobazam, 4-hydroxyclobazam, hydroxydesmethylclobazam; phenazepam (parent compound) and 3-hydroxyphenazepam. It is advisable to determine zaleplon in urine by the presence of 5-oxaleplon (97% of the total amount of metabolites), zopiclone by zopiclone-N-oxide (86% in urine), clobazam by the parent compound (61% in urine), phenazepam by the parent compound (90—100% in urine).

The data of the world literature characterizing the forensic aspects of blunt trauma are generalized and systematized. The issues related to the morphology of damage caused after overcoming an obstacle made of various materials by a bullet, the trajectory of a firearm projectile after overcoming an obstacle, the deformation of a bullet, the transfer of fragments of an obstacle by a bullet, the determination of the distance to the target located behind the damaged barrier, the study of the strength properties of individual human armor protection, the nature of the release of particles of an obstacle. The current state of forensic medical examination of blunt trauma is considered, problems and promising directions of their solution are identified. The importance of using knowledge in the field of theoretical mechanics of deformed solid bodies and high-speed impact interaction of solid bodies is noted.

During the study of forensic medical examinations conducted in 2013—2022 in cases related to poor-quality dental care, the main features of the implementation of expert assessments were identified. The most common (in 46% of cases) assessment of comprehensive dental care is carried out. In 6% of cases, claims are made to 2—5 medical organizations at once. In 15—20% of cases, during the forensic medical examination, the condition in the oral cavity has already been changed by subsequent dental treatment. In the course of the study, it was determined that payments from dental organizations are on average 10 times higher than the cost of treatment and account to about 40% of the amounts requested by patients in claims. In 15% of cases, forensic medical examination was carried out on dental care provided within the framework of state guarantees of free medical care. Claims for compensation for moral damage were contained in 97% of cases, in 56% of cases the court confirmed their validity. The growth rate of cases where claims for compensation for moral damage were satisfied for 10 years amounted to 36%. The amount of compensation payments has increased. The revealed features of judicial practice in dentistry necessitate the development of objective, evidence-based, reproducible assessments and the introduction of evaluation criteria in clinical recommendations for the relevant nosology.

The purpose of the study is to draw the attention of the legal and medical community to the problem of insufficient awareness of the patient about the upcoming medical intervention; to identify the scope of interaction between the court and the expert in relation to disputes related to improper information. Despite the fact that the conclusion about improper informing of the patient implies a legal assessment of the circumstances, special medical knowledge is needed to identify some defects of voluntary informed consent. The expert, in particular, can answer the questions of the court about what risks are characteristic of a certain type of medical intervention (perforations, bleeding, etc.) and how high their probability was in relation to a particular patient (taking into account his state of health, anatomical features); whether there were alternative treatment options. Based on the explanations received, the court will be able to assess whether the patient’s attention was focused on the relevant circumstances, whether his consent was conscious, and the complications that occurred were foreseeable.

In forensic medical practice, venous thromboembolic complications (VTEC) are relatively rare, due to hereditary and acquired factors. The issue of expert evaluation of the VTEC after the performed surgical intervention as an alleged defect in medical care causes discussion. The purpose of this publication is to demonstrate an expert case in the assessment of VTEC mechanical injury of the lower limb after surgery. The above case with the development of PATE after surgery clearly demonstrates the possibility of the appearance of a «medical case». The key to the correct expert assessment of the alleged defect of medical care during the forensic medical examination is not only a thorough and scrupulous study of medical documentation, but also a qualitatively performed forensic medical examination of the corpse.

The purpose of the study is a theoretical analysis of the available types of contact traces of blood and the establishment of their occurrence at the objects of medical and forensic examinations. Contact marks are formed as a result of the mechanical interaction of two objects, one of which is stained with blood. The literature data allow us to distinguish several types of contact traces of blood: impressions, smears, smearing, «voids», traces in the form of changes in the existing stain from wiping, washing, traces-artifacts from insects. Each type has a mechanism of formation and characteristic features. We analyzed 107 archival medical and forensic examinations. In the examinations in which the material situation of the scene of the incident (5 or more objects) is maximally represented, contact traces were present in 76% of the examinations, which indicates a high occurrence. The following types of contact traces of blood were the most common: smears (29% of all examinations), smearing (22.4%) and «voids» (10.3%). Other types of contact traces were less common.

Is to establish the possibility of studying the vitreous body of the eye from embalmed corpses using the spin probe method to develop diagnostic criteria for the prescription of death coming. The article presents data showing the possibility of diagnosing the prescription of death coming by the method of spin probes with the examination of the vitreous body of the eye from embalmed corpses. A total of 510 spectra obtained during incubation of the 1-oxyl-4-oxo-2.2.6.6-tetramethyl-piperidin spin probe in the vitreous body were studied. Measurements of each of the 6 objects were carried out daily for 10 days after embalming. The prospects of studying the vitreous body by spin probes in embalmed corpses for the development of diagnostic criteria for the prescription of death coming up to 4 days from the moment of embalming have been established.

The purpose of the work is to develop methods of mathematical modeling using finite element analysis in forensic medical examination. The stages of the methodology for solving problems of deformable body mechanics in forensic medicine are considered, which allows to reliably establish the possibility of formation and morphology of damage under specific conditions and circumstances, to focus the researcher’s attention on problem points when creating and evaluating the model. The use of simplified models of the human body makes the expert’s conclusion more reasonable, which increases the confidence of law enforcement agencies in the activities of the forensic medical expert service and allows for a new look at solving the problems of forensic medicine and forensic medical examination.

The study objective is to establish the role of light hepatocytes (Kraevsky cells) for forensic histological diagnosis of glycogen depletion in the liver due to various conditions, including shock. A standard histological examination of liver samples of persons who died from various causes was performed; routine staining with hematoxylin and eosin and additional staining by the PAS method was used. Histotopographic comparison of cross sections was performed to clarify the localization of light hepatocytes with different PAS staining results. It was shown that light hepatocytes have different morphological features, localization, and results of PAS staining, regardless of the cause of death, and are not related to glycogen depletion in them. Light hepatocytes (Kraevski cells) cannot be used as a sign of glycogen depletion and/or shock.

The purpose of this review is to study the causes of cross-reactions of a number of drugs (mebeverine, phenibut, tropicamide, ramipril, metoprolol, phenylephrine, sertraline, chloropyramine and diphenhydramine) during the preliminary stage of laboratory diagnostics by immunochromatographic method and to propose a possible algorithm for solving this problem. Conducting a hair study in order to identify the fact of the use of psychoactive substances will increase the reliability of analytical diagnostics and reduce the likelihood of false positive results of the analysis. The use of a validated method of enzymatic hydrolysis of hair will eliminate unreliable results of the analysis due to the detection of the native molecule of the toxicant, increase the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnostic procedure.